Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies regarding the prevalence of HPV-DNA and p16 immunoexpression in histologically confirmed oral epithelial dysplasia.
| Type of study | n | Males | Mean age (years) | Anatomical sites | Clinical appearance | Histologic features | Histological diagnosis | HPV | IHQ p16+ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fornatora et al. (20) | Retrospective (1986–1995) |
48*4 PVV | 84% | 39 (21–65) | Tongue, lips, and oral mucosa | Fiat or slightly elevated white lesions | Variable findings according to dysplasia grade. Acanthosis, orto/parakeratosis, anastomotic rete pegs, hyperchromatic nuclei and mitosoid figures. Koilocytosis and binucleated cells. |
KD (64%) COED (36%) |
ISH KD (81%) COED (0%) |
— |
| Daley et al. (21) | Case series | 7 | 100% | 47 (29–69) | Tongue (28%) Buccal mucosa (28%) |
Leukoplakia (71%) | Large, sometimes multinucleated, atypical and dyskeratotic cells or apoptotic fragments, atypical mitoses scattered throughout the epithelium. | HG-D (57%) | ISH (71%) |
— |
| McCord et al. (16) | Retrospective (2007–2009) | 40HG-D | 57% | 59 (15–84) | Tongue 40% Floor of the mouth 40% |
NS | Diffuse, full-thickness loss of squamous differentiation. Mitotic figures, multinucleated cells, and dyskeratosis. Absence of koilocytosis, no fit KD criteria. |
HG-D (52%) LG-D (48%) |
ISH (17.5%) |
27% |
| Woo et al. (19) | Bidirectional (2008–2012) |
20 | 85% | 56 (41–71) | Tongue, buccal mucosa. | Leukoplakia (85%) | Epithelial hyperplasia with marked karyorrhexis and apoptosis. Scattered koilocytes. |
HPV-associated oral intraepithelial neoplasia. | ISH (100%) |
100% |
| Chen et al. (22) | Cross sectional | 59 | 50% | 55 (28–79) | Tongue (25%) Buccal mucosa (30%) |
Leukoplakia (74%) | NS | NS | RT-PCR + DS (0%) |
— |
| Khanal et al. (23) | Retrolective (2003–2015) |
38 | 82% | >55: 52% | Lateral tongue or floor of the mouth (52%) | White or red/white plaque variably rough/papillary surface |
Dysplasia signs plus variable amounts of karyorrhectic and apoptotic cells. | HG-D | PCR + DS (8%) |
36% |
| Zhang et al. (24) | Retrolective (2012–2015) |
10 | 70% | 63 (45–71) | Floor of the mouth (60%)(include oropharyngeal sites) | NS | Dysplastic cells with oval to spindled nuclei, high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios,indistinct cell borders and little to no surface maturation. | HG-D/CIS | ISH (100%) |
100% |
| Lerman et al. (18) | Case series (2008–2016) | 53 | 89% | 55 (41–81) | Tongue and floor of the mouth | Leukoplakia (62%) | Parakeratosis (94%), karyorrhexis and apoptosis throughout the hyperplastic stratified squamous epithelium. | HG-D (85%) OSCC (15%) |
ISH (91%) |
100% |
| Saleh et al. (25) | Case report | 1 | Male | 57 | Multiple lesions in buccal mucosa, tongue and palate | Leukoplakia | Morphologic and cytologic severe dysplastic features plus mitosoid bodies. | Severe dysplasia | — | Positive |
| Alsabbagh et al. (26) | Retrospective (2013–2017) |
12 | 100% | 57 (50–94) | Floor of the mouth (25%) Tongue (25%) |
Leukoplakia | Karyorrhexis, apoptotic cells, ortho/parakeratinization, The remainder of the cells were basaloid, showing “wind-blown” atypia. |
Mild to moderate (8%) Severe/CIS (92%) |
RT-PCR (100%) |
100% |
| Erira et al. (27) | Cross sectional | 30 | 21% | NS | Tongue (43%) | Leukoplakia (37%) | Variable findings according to dysplasia grade. | Mild (43%) Moderate (47%) Severe (20%) |
PCR (43.3%) |
– |
| Hendawi et al. (28) | Cohort (2014–2016) |
33 | 60% | 63 (36–87) | NS | Leukoplakia in most cases | Characteristics of OED, apoptotic bodies, abnormal mitotic figures which can be difficult to distinguish. | Severe epithelial dysplasia | ISH HR-HPV: (18%) |
HPV+:100% HPV-: 18% |
| Tomo et al. (17) | Cross sectional (2011–2017) | 50 | 62% | 59 | NS | NS | Variable findings according to dysplasia grade. | No dysplasia (68%) Mild (16%) Moderate (12%) Severe (4%) |
Linear array (0%) |
Low: 60% High: 40% |
| Argyris et al. (29) | Retrospective | 13 | 92% | 62.8 (51–87) | Floor of the mouth (31%) Tongue (31%) |
NS | Variable findings according to dysplasia grade. | Oral epithelial dysplasia. | IHC HPVE7 (100%) |
100% |
| Sri et al. (30) | Cross sectional comparative (2010–2012) |
20 | NS | NS | NS | Leukoplakia (50%) | NS | Mild (30%) Moderate (50%) Severe (20%) |
PCR (5%) | – |
| Jawahar et al. (31) | Retrospective | 30 | 97% | >60: 63% | Homogeneous leukoplakia (93%) | Variable findings according to dysplasia grade. | Mild (30%) Moderate (57%) Severe (13%) |
IHC-E6 (36%) | 10% | |
| Roza et al. (32) | Case series (2011–2022) |
5*4 PVV | 80% | 55 (51–60) | Buccal mucosa (60%) | Leukoplakia (60%) | Karyorrhectic cells (mitosoid bodies) and apoptotic keratinocytes with dense eosinophilic cytoplasm. | Severe dysplasia | ISH (80%) |
100% |
HPV, human papillomavirus; KD, koilocytic dysplasia; COED, conventional oral epithelial dysplasia; HG-D, high grade dysplasia; LG-D, low grade dysplasia; CIS, Carcinoma in situ. OSCC, Oral squamous cell carcinoma; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; DS, Direct sequencing; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; ISH, In situ hybridization; IHC, Immunohistochemistry; PVV, People living with HIV; NS, not specified.