TABLE 1.
Novel analogues of alloferon.
| Alloferon analogue | Structure/amino acid sequence | Modified position | Biological activity and function | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Native alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Not modified | Antiviral and antitumor effects; stimulation of NK cell activity, synthesis of interferon | Chernysh et al. (2002) |
| 1. [Lys9]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-Lys-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Position-9 modified | 2-fold increase in cytotoxic activity, increased activity against HHV-1, high biological effect in insect hemocyte | Kuczer et al. (2016) |
| 2. [Ala9]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-Ala-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Position-9 modified | High antiviral activity towards HHV-1 | Kuczer et al. (2016) |
| 3. [Arg9]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-Arg-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Position-9 modified | Increased caspase activity against HHV-1 | Kuczer et al. (2016) |
| 4. [Phe9]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-Phe-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Position-9 modified | Pro-apoptotic activity lower than the native alloferon peptide, inhibitory activity against virus in vero cells lower than the native alloferon peptide | Kuczer et al. (2016) |
| 5. [Phg9]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-Phg-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Position-9 modified | Highest apoptotic activity in hemocyte, inhibitory against virus in vero cells weaker than alloferon peptide | Kuczer et al. (2016) |
| 6. [Tyr9]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-Tyr-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Position-9 modified | Reduced pro-apoptotic activity, higher antiviral effect than the native alloferon | Kuczer et al. (2016) |
| 7. [Trp9]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-Trp-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Position-9 modified | Reduced pro-apoptotic activity, higher antiviral effect than the native alloferon | Kuczer et al. (2016) |
| 8. [Phe(p-Cl)9]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-Phe(p-Cl)-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Position-9 modified | Strong caspase activity in hemocyte | Kuczer et al. (2016) |
| 9. [Phe(p-OMe)9]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-Phe(p-OMe)-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Position-9 modified | Higher antiviral effect than the native alloferon | Kuczer et al. (2016) |
| 10. [Ala12]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-Ala-Gly-OH | Position-12 His modified | Very low biological activity in insect hemocyte, antiviral effect lower than the native alloferon | Kuczer et al. (2016) |
| 11. [Arg12]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-Arg-Gly-OH | Position-12 modified | Decreased biological activity in insect hemocyte, loss of alloferon activity | Kuczer et al. (2016) |
| 12. [Lys12]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-Lys-Gly-OH | Position-12 modified | Decreased biological activity in insect hemocyte, antiviral effect lower than the native alloferon peptide | Kuczer et al. (2016) |
| 13. [Phe12]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-Phe-Gly-OH | Position-12 modified | High biological activity in insect hemocyte, lower antiviral effect than the native alloferon | Kuczer et al. (2016) |
| 14. [Phg12]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-Phg-Gly-OH | Position-12 modified | High biological activity in insect hemocyte, lower antiviral effect than the native alloferon | Kuczer et al. (2016) |
| 15. [Tyr12]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-Tyr-Gly-OH | Position-12 modified | Decreased biological activity in hemocyte, lower antiviral effect then the native alloferon peptide | Kuczer et al. (2016) |
| 16. [Trp12]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-Trp-Gly-OH | Position-12 modified | High biological activity in insect hemocyte, lower antiviral effect than the native alloferon | Kuczer et al. (2016) |
| 17. [Phe(p-Cl)12]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-Phe(p-Cl)-Gly-OH | Position-12 modified | High biological activity in insect hemocyte, lower antiviral effect than the native alloferon | Kuczer et al. (2016) |
| 18. [Phe(p-OMe)12]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-Phe(p-OMe)-Gly-OH | Position-12 modified | High biological activity in insect hemocyte, lower antiviral effect than the native alloferon | Kuczer et al. (2016) |
| 19. [3–13]-Alloferon | H-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Sequence shortened from N-terminus (without His-Gly N-terminal amino acids) | High antiviral activity | Kuczer et al. (2013) |
| 20. [4–13]-alloferon | H-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Sequence shortened from N-terminus (without His-Gly-Val N-terminal amino acids) | Antiviral activity against HHV-1Mc in vero cells | Kuczer et al. (2013) |
| 21. [5–13]-alloferon | H-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Sequence shortened from N-terminus (without His-Gly-Val-Ser N-terminal amino acids) | Loss of antiviral activity | Kuczer et al. (2013) |
| 22. [6–13]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Sequence shortened from N-terminus (without His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly N-terminal amino acids) | Antiviral activity against HHV-1Mc in vero cells | Kuczer et al. (2013) |
| 23. [7–13]-alloferon | H-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Sequence shortened from N-terminus (without His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His N-terminal amino acids) | Antiviral activity against HHV-1Mc in vero cells | Kuczer et al. (2013) |
| 24. [8–13]-alloferon | H-Gln-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Sequence shortened from N-terminus (without His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly N-terminal amino acids) | Lower antiviral and inhibitory effect than the native alloferon | Kuczer et al. (2013) |
| 25. [9–13]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Sequence shortened from N-terminus (without His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln N-terminal amino acids) | Inactive | Kuczer et al. (2013) |
| 26. [10–13]-alloferon | H-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Sequence shortened from N-terminus (without His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His N-terminal amino acids) | Inactive | Kuczer et al. (2013) |
| 27. [1–11]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-OH | Sequence shortened from C-terminus (without His-Gly C-terminal amino acids) | Hither antiviral activity against HHV-1Mc than the native allofero | Kuczer et al. (2013) |
| 28. [1–10]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-OH | Sequence shortened from C-terminus (without Val-His-Gly C-terminal amino acids) | Lower antiviral activity against HHV-1Mc than the native allofero | Kuczer et al. (2013) |
| 29. [1–8]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-OH | Sequence shortened from C-terminus (without His-Gly-Val-His-Gly C-terminal amino acids) | Lower antiviral activity against HHV-1Mc than the native allofero | |
| 30. [1–7]-alloferon | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-OH | Sequence shortened from C-terminus (without Gln-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly C-terminal amino acids) | Lower antiviral activity against HHV-1Mc than the native alloferon | Kuczer et al. (2013) |
| 31. [Phe1]-alloferon | H-Phe-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | N-terminus modified with Phe | Inhibit replication of HHV-1Mc in Vero cells | Kuczer et al. (2013) |
| 32. [Tyr1]-alloferon | H-Tyr-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | N-terminus modified with Tyr | Inhibit replication of HHV-1Mc in Vero cells | Kuczer et al. (2013) |
| 33. [Trp1]-alloferon | H-Trp-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | N-terminus modified with Trp | Inhibit replication of HHV-1Mc in Vero cells | Kuczer et al. (2013) |
| 34. [Phg1]-aloferon | H-Phg-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | N-terminus modified with Phg | Inhibit replication of HHV-1Mc in Vero cells | Kuczer et al. (2013) |
| 35. [Phe-(p-Cl)1]-alloferon | H-Phe(p-Cl)-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | N-terminus modified with Phe(p-Cl) | Inhibit replication of HHV-1Mc in Vero cells | Kuczer et al. (2013) |
| 36. [Phe(p-OMe)1]-alloferon | H-Phe(p-OMe)-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | N-terminus modified with Phe(p-OMe) | Inhibit replication of HHV-1Mc in Vero cells | Kuczer et al. (2013) |
| 37. [Lys1]-alloferon | H-Lys-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Position-1 His substituted with Lys | Higher activity against herpes and coxsackie viruses, than the native alloferon peptide | Kuczer et al. (2011) |
| 38. [Arg1]-alloferon | H-Arg-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Position-1 His substituted with Arg | Active against herpes and coxsackie viruses | Kuczer et al. (2011) |
| 39. [Ala1]-alloferon | H-Ala-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Position-1 His substituted with Ala | Complete loss of antiviral activity against herpes and coxsackie viruses | Kuczer et al. (2011) |
| 40. [des-His1]-alloferon | H-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH | Shortened N-terminus | Active against herpes and coxsackie viruses | Kuczer et al. (2011) |
| 41. Allostatine | H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Thr-His-Gly-OH | Position-11 Val substituted with Thr | Higher tumorostatic effect then the native alloferon peptide | Chernysh and Kozuharova (2013) |