Table 1.
Maternal characteristics by stillbirth versus live birth deliveries in California, Michigan, Missouri, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina
| Characteristics | Stillbirth N= 35,012 |
Live birth N= 8,659,900 |
|---|---|---|
| Race/Ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 13189 (37.7) | 3723042 (43.0) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 7187 (20.5) | 935843 (10.8) |
| Hispanic | 10763 (30.7) | 2872743 (33.2) |
| Asian | 2691 (7.7) | 859952 (9.9) |
| American Indian | 111 (0.3) | 27508 (0.3) |
| Other | 1071 (3.1) | 240812 (2.8) |
| Age | ||
| <20 | 3040 (8.7) | 620947 (7.2) |
| 20–24 | 7539 (21.5) | 1828398 (21.1) |
| 25–34 | 17221 (49.2) | 4721149 (54.5) |
| ≥35 | 7212 (20.6) | 1489406 (17.2) |
| Smoker* | 2601 (22.9) | 567985 (16.7) |
| Payor | ||
| Private | 13675 (39.1) | 4343361 (50.2) |
| Medicaid | 18215 (52.0) | 4024707 (46.5) |
| Self-Pay | 1097 (3.1) | 195334 (2.3) |
| Other | 264 (0.8) | 60027 (0.7) |
| Education | ||
| No high school | 1582 (4.5) | 381604 (4.4) |
| Some high school | 4390 (12.5) | 1091514 (12.6) |
| High school diploma/GED | 8619 (24.6) | 2184332 (25.2) |
| At least some college | 7665 (21.9) | 2345034 (27.1) |
| 4-year college | 4039 (11.5) | 1546188 (17.9) |
| >4-year college | 1959 (5.6) | 880177 (10.2) |
| Missing | 6758 (19.3) | 231051 (2.7) |
| Cesarean delivery | 6295 (18.0) | 2781616 (32.1) |
| SMM Comorbidity Index Score, median (IQR) | 9 (8, 17) | 1 (0, 5) |
| Non-transfusion SMM Comorbidity Index Score, median (IQR) | 13 (13, 20) | 1 (0, 6) |
| Preexisting diabetes | 1511 (4.3) | 93998 (1.1) |
| Preexisting hypertension | 2179 (6.2) | 195606 (2.3) |
| Preeclampsia | 2926 (8.4) | 382172 (4.4) |
| Gestational diabetes | 2187 (6.2) | 670735 (7.7) |
| Gestational hypertension | 971 (2.8) | 313247 (3.6) |
| Multiple gestation | 2129 (6.2) | 140102 (1.6) |
| Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index | ||
| Inadequate | 3730 (10.7) | 946578 (10.9) |
| Intermediate | 972 (2.8) | 921082 (10.6) |
| Adequate | 3155 (9.0) | 3574406 (41.3) |
| Adequate Plus | 8866 (25.3) | 2911087 (33.6) |
| Missing | 18289 (52.2) | 306747 (3.5) |
| Obese BMI | 7695 (32.5) | 1987297 (24.1) |
| State of Data | ||
| California | 19679 (56.2) | 5252442 (60.7) |
| Michigan | 5670 (16.2) | 1405162 (16.2) |
| Missouri | 2043 (5.8) | 494478 (5.7) |
| Pennsylvania | 3571 (10.2) | 866155 (10.0) |
| South Carolina | 4049 (11.6) | 641663 (7.4) |
No. (%) unless otherwise indicated.
*
Smoking status missing in California
BMI, Body Mass Index; GED, General Education Development; IQR, Inter-quartile Range.