Table 2.
Hazard ratios for risk factors of MI by women and men, including women-to-men ratio of hazard ratio
| Women | Men | Women-to-men RHR | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Covariates | HR (95% CI, P value) | HR (95% CI, P value) | RHR (95% CI, P value) |
| Age | 1.06 (1.06–1.07, P < 0.001) | 1.04 (1.04–1.05, P < 0.001) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03, P < 0.001) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| White | — | — | — |
| All other ethnic groups combined | 1.01 (0.83–1.23, P = 0.924) | 1.00 (0.89–1.13, P = 0.959) | 1.00 (0.80–1.26, P = 0.988) |
| Townsend Deprivation Index | 1.03 (1.02–1.04, P < 0.001) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02, P = 0.005) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03, P = 0.045) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never | — | — | — |
| Previous | 1.22 (1.11–1.33, P < 0.001) | 1.11 (1.05–1.18, P < 0.001) | 1.09 (0.98–1.22, P = 0.096) |
| Current | 2.72 (2.43–3.04, P < 0.001) | 1.86 (1.73–2.00, P < 0.001) | 1.45 (1.27–1.66, P < 0.001) |
| Hypertension | 1.48 (1.35–1.62, P < 0.001) | 1.30 (1.22–1.38, P < 0.001) | 1.14 (1.02–1.27, P = 0.019) |
| Systolic blood pressure | 1.02 (1.01–1.02, P < 0.001) | 1.01 (1.01–1.01, P < 0.001) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01, P = 0.014) |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 0.99 (0.99–1.00*, P = 0.001) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00, P = 0.008) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00, P = 0.240) |
| Diabetes | 1.45 (1.22–1.73, P < 0.001) | 1.31 (1.18–1.45, P < 0.001) | 1.11 (0.90–1.36, P = 0.321) |
| HbA1c | 1.02 (1.01–1.02, P < 0.001) | 1.01 (1.01–1.02, P < 0.001) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01, P = 0.381) |
| BMI | 0.99 (0.98–1.00, P = 0.030) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01, P = 0.60 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00, P = 0.188) |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 2.55 (0.98–6.65, P = 0.055) | 2.82 (1.53–5.22, P = 0.001) | 0.89 (0.28–2.77, P = 0.836) |
| Abdominal obesity | |||
| Normal | — | — | — |
| Abdominal obesity | 1.04 (0.92–1.19, P = 0.508) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09, P = 0.959) | 1.04 (0.89–1.22, P = 0.595) |
| High cholesterol | 1.31 (1.18–1.45, P < 0.001) | 1.34 (1.26–1.44, P < 0.001) | 0.97 (0.86–1.10, P = 0.673) |
| HDL cholesterol | 0.64 (0.46–0.88, P = 0.006) | 0.72 (0.56–0.93, P = 0.013) | 0.88 (0.58–1.32, P = 0.529) |
| LDL cholesterol | 1.30 (1.24–1.37, P < 0.001) | 1.45 (1.40–1.50, P < 0.001) | 0.90 (0.84–0.95, P < 0.001) |
| Triglycerides | 1.01 (0.96–1.07, P = 0.566) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03, P = 0.769) | 1.01 (0.96–1.07, P = 0.704) |
| Apolipoprotein A | 0.77 (0.52–1.14, P = 0.191) | 0.47 (0.35–0.64, P < 0.001) | 1.65 (1.01–2.71, P = 0.047) |
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HR, hazard ratio; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; RHR, ratio of hazard ratios.