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. 2024 Feb 29;14:4967. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-55315-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Spatial effect of AaH-II delivery on the Ca²⁺ influx associated with the AP in the AIS. (A) Top, Ca²⁺ fluorescence image of the AIS and its reconstruction with a proximal region (1) and a distal region (2) indicated. Middle, somatic AP in control solution (black trace) and after AaH-II delivery (grey trace). Bottom, associated Ca²⁺ transients in 2 and 1 in control solution (dark trace and light blue trace respectively) and after delivering 7 nM of AaH-II (grey traces). (B) Top, superimposed Ca²⁺ currents (I_Ca) in 2 and 1 showing the different kinetics. Bottom, I_Ca in 2 and 1 in control solution (dark trace and light blue trace respectively) and after AaH-II delivery (grey traces). (C) Mean ± SD (N = 9 cells) of the Ca²⁺ changes in distal AIS regions (30–40 µm from the soma, dark blue lines and symbols) and in proximal AIS regions (5–15 µm from the soma, light blue lines and symbols). Values reported in the plot were 18.7 ± 10.3% in the distal AIS and 0.0 ± 3.0% in the proximal AIS. “*” indicates that the change was significant in the distal AIS (p = 0.0011, paired t-test).