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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Adolesc Health. 2022 Apr;70(4):598–606. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.05.016

Table 2.

Survey poll characteristics displayed by year of data collection

Citation Data collection year(s) Recruitment method Survey method Population of interest N Peer review % margin of error
Smith & Son, 2013 (GSS) 2000–2016a Household Face-to-face Nationally representative adults aged 18+ 886–1654 No ±2.2–3.1
NPR, Kaiser, & Kennedy, 2004 2003 Telephone Telephone Nationally representative adults aged 18+ years with oversampling of parents with children in grades 7–12 1,759 No ±6.0
Ito el al., 2006 2003 Telephone Telephone English-speaking parents or legal guardians of North Carolina K-12 students 1,306 Yes None reported
Xia et al., 2006 2005 Telephone Telephone English and Spanish speaking adults in California    993 No ±4.0
Howard-Barr et al., 2011 2006 Telephone Telephone Full-time residents of St. Lucie County, Florida age 18+ years with oversample of adults with children attending local schools 1,092 Yes ±3.1–4.9
Eisenberg et al., 2008 2006–2007 Telephone Telephone Parents of school age children in Minnesota 1,605 Yes None reported
Zogby International, 2007 2007 Telephone Telephone Nationwide survey of parents of children age 10-16 1,002 No ±3.2
Kalsbeek et al., 2009 2008–2009 Telephone Telephone Parents of current North Carolina public school students, K-12 1,201 Yes None reported
Fox News, 2009 2009 Telephone Telephone Registered voters nationwide    900 No ±3.0
Barr et al., 2014 2009–2010 Telephone Telephone Adults aged 18+ years 1,715 Yes None reported
Tortolero et al., 2011 2010 Telephone Telephone Parents of child age 18 years or younger in Harris County, Texas 1,201 Yes ±2.8
Dake et al., 2014 2011 Mail Mail Parents of children ages 6 to 11 in three Midwestern counties    712 Yes ±5.0
Millner et al., 2015 2011 Telephone Telephone Parents of children in the Mobile Co. Public School System    522 Yes None reported
Moore et al., 2016 2014 Telephone Telephone Residents of a large county in southeastern United States    311 Yes ±5.6
C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital, 2016 2016 Phone/Address-Basedb Internet Nationwide parents of child in middle or high school 2,100 No ±3.0–4.0
a

Data were based on analyses from General Social Survey (GSS), but study findings were re-analyzed to include data from 2014 to 2016 and exclude participants who reported “do not know”.

b

Data were collected through the GfK Knowledge Panel.