Table 3. The effect of vitamin D deficiency among each subgroup.

Variables	Categories	N (%)	Serum 25(OH) D Level
			Mean ± SD or median [IQR], in ng/mL	p-value
Age groups	≤60 years old	125 (85.62%)	11.94 [7.69]	0.186 a
	>60 years old	21 (14.38%)	9.74 ± 5.15
ISARIC-4C score	Low risk	77 (52.74%)	12.07 ± 4.55	0.067 b
	Intermediate risk	30 (20.55%)	10.75 ± 4.73
	High risk	27 (18.49%)	9.22 ± 5.09
	Very high risk	12 (8.22%)	10.97 ± 6.15
Number of comorbidities	0	46 (31.51%)	12.30 [8.06]	0.133 c
	1	33 (22.60%)	10.90 ± 4.60
	2	67 (45.89%)	10.52 ± 5.12
Type of comorbidities
DM type II	No	93 (63.7%)	11.05 ± 4.79	0.675 d
	Yes	53 (36.30%)	11.41 ± 5.12
Hypertension	No	96 (65.75%)	11.21 ± 4.84	0.914 d
	Yes	50 (34.25%)	11.12 ± 5.05
Cardiovascular disease	No	133 (91.1%)	11.44 ± 4.85	0.040 d
	Yes	13 (8.90%)	8.52 ± 4.72
Chronic kidney disease	No	128 (87.7%)	11.49 ± 4.72	0.051 a
	Yes	18 (12.3%)	7.75 [9.56]
Malignancy	No	128 (87.67%)	11.37 ± 4.93	0.211 d
	Yes	18 (12.33%)	9.83 ± 4.56
BMI	Underweight	84 (57.53%)	11.73 [8.09]	0.082 c
	Normoweight	6 (4.11%)	7.97 ± 3.54
	Overweight	25 (17.12%)	12.47 ± 4.90
	Obesity grade I	31 (21.23%)	9.93 ± 4.94
Mortality rate	No	132 (90.41%)	11.58 ± 4.80	0.002 d
	Yes	14 (9.59%)	7.44 ± 4.26
COVID-19 severity	Mild	62 (42.47%)	11.78 ± 4.62	0.047 c
	Moderate	55 (37.67%)	12.04 [6.64]
	Severe	29 (19.86%)	7.37 [8.84]
HFNC or ventilator use	No	126 (86.30%)	11.66 ± 4.70	0.004 a
	Yes	20 (13.70%)	6.39 [7.99]

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DM type II, diabetes mellitus type II; HFNC, High-flow nasal canule.

Bold value denotes statistical significance.

^a Analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test.

^b Analyzed using ANOVA test.

^c Analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis test.

^d Analyzed using t-test.