Table 1. Details of original articles examining the effect of yoga on male sexual functioning.

PE: premature ejaculation.

Author, year, & title	Studied population, groups, study design	Intervention & techniques	Measure time points	Main findings
Author: Dhikav et al. (2007) [16]. Title: Yoga in premature ejaculation: a comparative trial with fluoxetine	Out of 68 patients with PE, 38 were in the yoga group with a mean age of 38.9 (10.10) years and 30 were in the control group (fluoxetine group) with a mean age of 38.6 (9.20) years. Design: comparative trial	The yoga group practised 12 asanas and two pranayamas for an hour daily. The control group was allocated with fluoxetine capsules in a single dose of 20-60 mg daily. Intravaginal ejaculatory latencies were taken and evaluated after eight weeks.	12 weeks	All 38 patients in the yoga group showed statistically significant improvement in PE, with 65.7% reporting good and 34.2% reporting fair improvement. In the control group, 25 out of 30 patients (83%) experienced significant improvement in PE.
Author: Rohilla et al. (2020) [17]. Title: A comparative study of yoga with paroxetine for the treatment of premature ejaculation: a pilot study	68 male patients with problems of early ejaculation. 40 patients were selected who were on paroxetine, mean age = 30.38 (4.79), and 28 chose yoga treatment, mean age = 31.36 (4.77). Design: nonrandomized, nonblinded comparative study in a tertiary care centre	First two weeks, both groups were taught the process of using intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT). The yoga group was provided photos of yoga postures as well as audio-visual instructions on mobile by the trainer. Patients underwent at least three measurements at four-week intervals throughout the 12-week intervention. During these assessments, the IELT was documented, and any treatment-related side effects were recorded.	6, 10 and 14 weeks	62 patients completed the study. Six patients were excluded due to non-compliance. IELT significantly increased in both groups: paroxetine (from 29.85 ± 11.9 to 82.19 ± 32.9) and yoga (from 25.88 ± 16.1 to 88.69 ± 26.9). Yoga had a slightly delayed onset effect, but its effect size (η2 = 0.87, p < 0.05) was significantly larger than paroxetine's (η2 = 0.73, p < 0.05). 19.5% of the paroxetine group and 8% of the yoga group continued to have PE issues at the end of the trial. The yoga treatment group reported better improvement than the paroxetine group.
Author: Dhikav et al. (2010) [18]. Title: Yoga in male sexual functioning: A noncomparative pilot study	65 males diagnosed with premature ejaculation, aged between 24 to 60 years. Design: non-comparative pilot study	A questionnaire based on Male Sexual Quotient (MSQ) before and after yoga camp. Participants were told to perform yoga asanas that have beneficial effects on abdominal-pelvic muscle tone, gonads, endocrines, digestion, and joint movements with a yoga instructor for one hour each day. Breathing techniques were also enforced.	12 weeks	After doing yoga for 12 weeks, the study found a significant overall improvement of 11.81% (p < 0.0001) in sexual function scores as determined by the MSQ. Every category showed improvement, although intercourse satisfaction (24.6%), ejaculation control (20.6%), and erection quality (14.15%) showed the most gains. Maintenance of erection during intercourse (16.9%), on-demand erection (13.2%), and hardness (12.6%) were the subdomains of erection quality that improved in the order mentioned. Following the yoga intervention, there were notable improvements in the physical and emotional components of sexual experiences, such as desire, confidence, intercourse satisfaction, erection, control over ejaculation, and orgasm.