Table 3.
The findings of the Presence Questionnaire version 2.0 (n=344).
| Item | Participants, n (%) | ||||||||||||||
|
|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | ||||||||
| Involvement | |||||||||||||||
|
|
1. How much were you able to control events? | 3 (0.9) | 4 (1.2) | 3 (0.9) | 45 (13.1) | 73 (21.2) | 156 (45.3) | 60 (17.4) | |||||||
|
|
2. How responsive was the environment to actions that you initiated (or performed)? | 1 (0.3) | 5 (1.5) | 9 (2.6) | 66 (19.2) | 116 (33.7) | 107 (31.1) | 40 (11.6) | |||||||
|
|
3. How natural did your interactions with the IVRa environment seem? | 8 (2.3) | 6 (1.7) | 23 (6.7) | 64 (18.6) | 121 (35.2) | 92 (26.7) | 30 (8.7) | |||||||
|
|
4. How much did the visual aspects of the IVR environment involve you? | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 11 (3.2) | 43 (12.5) | 80 (23.3) | 155 (45.1) | 53 (15.4) | |||||||
|
|
6. How natural was the mechanism that controlled movement through the environment? | 6 (1.7) | 7 (2) | 26 (7.6) | 48 (14) | 134 (39) | 99 (28.8) | 24 (7) | |||||||
|
|
7. How compelling was your sense of objects moving through space? | 2 (0.6) | 3 (0.9) | 10 (2.9) | 55 (16) | 133 (38.7) | 110 (32) | 31 (9) | |||||||
|
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8. How much did your experiences in the virtual environment seem to be consistent with your real-world experiences? | 14 (4.1) | 13 (3.8) | 24 (7) | 69 (20.1) | 109 (31.7) | 93 (27) | 22 (6.4) | |||||||
|
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10. How completely were you able to actively survey or search the IVR environment using vision? | 1 (0.3) | 3 (0.9) | 6 (1.7) | 41 (11.9) | 132 (38.4) | 121 (35.2) | 40 (11.6) | |||||||
|
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14. How compelling was your sense of moving around inside the virtual environment? | 1 (0.3) | 4 (1.2) | 11 (3.2) | 60 (17.4) | 140 (40.7) | 96 (27.9) | 32 (9.3) | |||||||
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17. How well could you move or manipulate objects in the virtual environment? | 12 (3.5) | 2 (0.6) | 22 (6.4) | 67 (19.5) | 116 (33.7) | 100 (29.1) | 25 (7.3) | |||||||
|
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18. How involved were you in the virtual environment experience? | 3 (0.9) | 5 (1.5) | 6 (1.7) | 42 (12.2) | 115 (33.4) | 124 (36) | 49 (14.2) | |||||||
|
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26. How easy was it to identify objects through physical interaction (eg, touching an object, walking over a surface, or bumping into a wall or object)?b | 10 (2.9) | 11 (3.2) | 24 (7) | 91 (26.5) | 126 (36.6) | 58 (16.9) | 24 (7) | |||||||
| Sensory fidelity | |||||||||||||||
|
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5. How much did the auditory aspects of the IVR environment involve you? | 5 (1.5) | 3 (0.9) | 18 (5.2) | 49 (14.2) | 103 (29.9) | 118 (34.3) | 48 (14) | |||||||
|
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11. How well could you identify sounds? | 3 (0.9) | 4 (1.2) | 8 (2.3) | 43 (12.5) | 107 (31.1) | 127 (36.9) | 52 (15.1) | |||||||
|
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12. How well could you localize sounds? | 3 (0.9) | 6 (1.7) | 11 (3.2) | 50 (14.5) | 118 (34.3) | 114 (33.1) | 42 (12.2) | |||||||
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|
13. How well could you actively survey or search the virtual environment using touch? | 10 (2.9) | 9 (2.6) | 21 (6.1) | 57 (16.6) | 120 (34.9) | 98 (28.5) | 29 (8.4) | |||||||
|
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15. How closely were you able to examine objects? | 2 (0.6) | 4 (1.2) | 17 (4.9) | 59 (17.2) | 129 (37.5) | 102 (29.7) | 31 (9) | |||||||
|
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16. How well could you examine objects from multiple viewpoints? | 1 (0.3) | 2 (0.6) | 12 (3.5) | 64 (18.6) | 118 (34.3) | 116 (33.7) | 31 (9) | |||||||
| Adaption or immersion | |||||||||||||||
|
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9. Were you able to anticipate what would happen next in response to the actions that you performed? | 4 (1.2) | 9 (2.6) | 39 (11.3) | 63 (18.3) | 116 (33.7) | 88 (25.6) | 25 (7.3) | |||||||
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20. How quickly did you adjust to the virtual environment experience? | 3 (0.9) | 2 (0.6) | 11 (3.2) | 41 (11.9) | 133 (38.7) | 86 (25) | 68 (19.8) | |||||||
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21. How proficient in moving and interacting with the virtual environment did you feel at the end of the experience? | 2 (0.6) | 11 (3.2) | 34 (9.9) | 136 (39.5) | 125 (36.3) | 36 (10.5) | 0 (0) | |||||||
|
|
24. How well could you concentrate on the assigned tasks or required activities rather than on the mechanisms used to perform those tasks or activities? | 0 (0) | 1 (0.3) | 4 (1.2) | 59 (17.2) | 131 (38.1) | 118 (34.3) | 31 (9) | |||||||
|
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25. How completely were your senses engaged in this experience? | 1 (0.3) | 2 (0.6) | 5 (1.5) | 54 (15.7) | 111 (32.3) | 119 (34.6) | 52 (15.1) | |||||||
|
|
27. Were there moments during the virtual environment experience when you felt completely focused on the task or environment? | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 5 (1.5) | 66 (19.2) | 122 (35.5) | 98 (28.5) | 51 (14.8) | |||||||
|
|
28. How easily did you adjust to the control devices used to interact with the virtual environment? | 0 (0) | 6 (1.7) | 8 (2.3) | 91 (26.5) | 139 (40.4) | 58 (16.9) | 42 (12.2) | |||||||
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29. Was the information provided through different senses in the virtual environment (eg, vision, hearing, touch) consistent? | 1 (0.3) | 4 (1.2) | 5 (1.5) | 74 (21.5) | 111 (32.3) | 93 (27) | 56 (16.3) | |||||||
| Interface quality | |||||||||||||||
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19. How much delay did you experience between your actions and the expected outcomes?b | 7 (2) | 32 (9.3) | 64 (18.6) | 102 (29.7) | 57 (16.6) | 58 (16.9) | 24 (7) | |||||||
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22. How much did the visual display quality interfere or distract you from performing assigned tasks or required activities?b | 17 (4.9) | 79 (23) | 66 (19.2) | 96 (27.9) | 44 (12.8) | 24 (7) | 18 (5.2) | |||||||
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23. How much did the control devices interfere with the performance of assigned tasks or with other activities?b | 21 (6.1) | 74 (21.5) | 106 (30.8) | 73 (21.2) | 37 (10.8) | 15 (4.4) | 18 (5.2) | |||||||
aIVR: immersive virtual reality.
bReverse items.