| Sewage sludge + rapeseed marc |
Bamboo biochar (600 °C) 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 9% (FW) |
Adding 9% biochar into
the composting feedstock decreased TN
loss by 64.1% and produced more stable Cu2+ and Zn2+ compost.132 Improved porosity
and compost maturity.121
|
| Poultry waste |
Pine chips biochar (400 °C) @ 0%, 5%, 20% (DW) |
The
increase in biochar addition rates resulted in higher pH
and peak pile temperatures. A fall in
NH3 emissions and 52% less total N loss.42
|
| Poultry
waste |
Wood biochar (300–450 °C) @ 50% (FW) |
Composting had a major effect
by the addition of biochar. Higher biological waste degradation, compost
maturityk and less odor emissions and N loss.60
|
| Poultry manure + apple pomace,
rice straw, and oak bran |
Wood biochar (400–600 °C) 2% (v/v) |
Increased the decomposition of organic matter despite a decline in microbial biomass. A wide variety of fungus in compost added with charcoal.133
|
| Cattle manure + apple pomace,
rice straw, and rice bran |
Wood biochar (400–600 °C) 20% (w/w) |
The increased aeration resulted in decreased methanogens
(McrA)
while methanotrophs (pmoA) grew.37
|
| Poultry waste + sawdust |
Nutshell, hard wood shaving, chicken litter @ 5%, 10% (fresh weight basis) |
This
produced increased respiration rates which showed higher
OM degradation and increased microbial activity. The compost showed
lower NH3 emissions with enhanced maturity in compost.111
|
| Poultry waste + tomato stalk |
1% commercial
biochar |
Adding biochar increased pile’s temperature
and extended
thermophilic phase and exerted a less significant impact on bacterial diversity.120
|
| Sewage sludge + wood chip |
Woody material 4% (wet weight basis) |
Increasing pile temperature and disintegration of organic matter,
while showing lower NH3 emissions in the first week of
composting.134
|
| Sewage sludge + rice straw |
Wood (500–600 °C) 6% 12%, 18% (wet weight) |
Due to increased porosity
of sewage sludge, OURs improved and
accelerated humification and degradation.46
|
| Poultry manure + barley straw |
Holm oak biochar (650 °C) 3% (wet weight) |
Holm oak biochar
improved aeration, reducing composting time
by 4 weeks (20%) and increasing stabilization
and detoxifying while promoting organic matter decomposition. There
is no visible impact on CO2, CH4, or N2O emission and reducing N loss by
15%.123,135
|
| Poultry manure + wheat straw |
Woodchips 5%;
10% (wet weight) |
The addition of woodchip biochar has
shortened composting time
due to higher pile peak temperature.83
|
| Poultry manure + rice
straw |
Rice straw (400–500 °C) 2% (dry weight) |
Modified microbial genetic makeup
and increased C catabolic capability.136
|
| Cow manure/poultry manure + apple
pomace, rice straw, and rice bran |
Hard wood (550 °C) 10% (v/v) |
Stability and recalcitrant nature of the compost were
improved
with microbial communities. Improving FA fractions.137
|
| Municipal solid waste + green
waste |
Holm oak (650 °C) 10% (dry
weight) |
It accelerated the decomposition of organic
matter and reduced
the emission of GHGs. Decreased N losses and greater concentration of P that
is readily available.114
|
| Poultry litter + sugar cane
straw |
(Green waste + poultry) biochar (550 °C) 10% (dry weight) |
Reduced total GHG emissions,
improved N retention, and decreased
NH3 emissions because the adsorption capacity of biochar
may fix the nutrients. A 60% less loss of NH3 and 51% reduction
in TN losses.138,139
|
| Sewage sludge + wheat straw |
Wheat straw 2%,
4%, 6%, 8%, 12%, 18% (dry weight) |
The amendment encouraged
humification and the decomposition
of organic substances with low N losses.
The heavy metal and emission of GHG (NH3, CH4, and N2O) were decreased by 58.03–65.17%, 92.85–95.34%, and 95.14–97.28%, respectively, but CO2 emissions rose.140,141
|
| River sediment + rice straw,
bran, and vegetable |
Rice straw (500 °C) 2% |
Rice straw affected the diversity of the bacterial community
and suppressed the availability of heavy metal.142,143
|
| Layer manure + saw dust |
Corn stalk; Bamboo; Woody; Layer manure;
Coir (450–500 °C) 10% (wet
weight) |
The nitrification and pile temperature were
increased, and
the emissions of NH3 and CH4 were reduced.144,145
|
| Fishpond sediment + green waste,
rock phosphate |
Coir (450 °C) 0%, 20%, 30% (v/v) |
A 24 day reduced compost production
time, improved nitrification, enzyme activity, microbial population,
nutrient content, and better grade compost.35
|
| Chicken manure + tomato stalk |
Wheat straw 1% (w/w, wet weight) |
Quick thermophilic phase attainment, higher
temperature, and
longer duration. Raising germination index.120
|
| Green waste + spent mushroom |
Coconut husk fiber 20–30% (w/w, dry weight) |
Improving
particle size distribution and the free air space.
Increasing the nutritional and CEC contents.115
|
| Cow dung + hydrilla + sawdust |
Wood 5% (w/w, wet weight) |
This showed a prolonged thermophilic
phase with 39% reduction in air-filled porosity and a 45% increase
in TN.146
|
| Sewage sludge + wheat straw |
Wheat straw 8–12% (w/w, dry weight) |
Speeds up the humification process with
a decrease in the odorous
index and volatile fatty acids147
|
| Sewage sludge + paddy
straw |
Wood 6–18% (w/w, wet weight) |
A rise in the rate of O2 absorption. Adding 13–26% more FA-like chemicals and 15–30% more HA-like compounds, respectively.148
|
| Poultry manure + rice husk + apple pomace |
Oak 2% (v/v) |
The increased rate of enzymatic activity accelerated
the humification
process by 10% by increasing HS carbon.133
|
| Manure |
Charcoal 9% and 28% |
With pH drop and greater GI, it accelerated the thermophilic
phase change. Cu and Zn mobility decreased by 35%, 65%, and 39%, while
the TKN loss decreased.105 Reducing NH3 and CH4 losses. A 27–32% drop in CO2-equivalent GHG emissions.38 A 6.9%–7.4% increase
in C–CO2 emissions.83
|
| Manure |
Biochar 50% (fresh weight) |
Biochar significantly improved
humification. Maintaining the
nitrogen and organic materials in compost.60
|
| Manure |
Chestnuts, leaf litter
(25%) |
Except for Zn, the co-composts’ heavy metal
content
was within the allowable limit.149
|
| Manure |
Phosphogypsum 10–30% dw |
In manure composted
with mineral additives, TC, TN, and mineral N in the finished compost product were unaffected.
The EC and TS content increased while pH decreased. The composting
showed a significant reduction in CH4 emissions. By modifying
the nitrification process, the N2O emission was decreased.
There is no negative impact on the germination index or the breakdown
of organic materials.150,151
|
| Manure |
Compost inoculum 33% dw |
Accelerating the succession
of the microbial community which
reduces the time needed for composting. After the thermogenic phase,
harmful bacteria in compost are eliminated.152
|
| Manure |
Biochar, sawdust 5%,
10% (wet weight) |
This resulted in higher respiration
rate, increased bacterial
activity, and reduced nitrate leaching and NH3 emission.111
|
| Manure |
Ash 0–20% |
Ash
amendment reduced the amount of nitrogen loss, quick OM
mineralization, and rise in humic acid. The improved aeration of pile
produced less odorous fumes.153
|
| Manure |
10%, Straw |
The highest
temperature and organic matter degradation.154
|
| Manure |
Zeolite 0.4, 1.0,
2.5, and 6.25% |
Considerable fall in the concentration
of ammonia nitrogen.
The substrates’ temperature remained in the thermophilic range.
Zeolite showed 60% less ammonia volatilization and pH less than 5. A decrease in soluble P because of the development
of low solubility and slow release of the N source.155,156
|
| Manure |
Bentonite 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% dw |
No significant
variations in pH and temperature but promoted
OM decomposition. The TKN content increased while lowering the C/N ratio. Decrease in the amount of extractable
heavy metals.97
|
| Manure |
Rock-P 0%, 2.5%,
5.0%, and 7.5% (w/w, dw) |
The amount of bioavailable Cu fractions decreased. The exchangeable
and reducible fractions contained zinc. By complexing the metal ions
with inorganic components, you can decrease the availability of metal.157
|
| Manure |
Rice straw 25% (w/w, fresh weight) |
Increased the quantity of N and P while lowering the amounts of NH4+–N
and soluble P fractions. A decline in labile P and increase in pH, a decline in OM, and a reduction in the C/N ratio.158
|
| Manure |
Elemental S (2 mol H+ mol–1 S) |
There was a 90–95% reduction in the loss of N from
aerobic conditions due to ammonia (NH3) volatilization.
There was a 60% reduction in NH3 loss.106
|
| Manure |
Rock-P 4% fw |
Maximum water-soluble P and K release. Improved P and K soil fertility
status, higher yield, absorption, and nutrient recoveries. A rise in the amount of accessible phosphorus (41%
of the total phosphorus).159,160
|
| Manure |
28%, 3% Rock-P, phosphogypsum |
Significant increases in accessible P levels (13 times) were seen in soil. Soil function
was altered, and soil
biochemical characteristics were improved by the application of P-enriched OMC.161
|
| Manure |
Mg hydroxide, phosphoric acid
3.8%, 7.3% and 8.9% of dw |
Initial N content loss to total
nitrogen loss fell from 35% to 12%, 5%, and 1%. The final compost
increased total nitrogen by 10–12 g/kg and NH4+–N by 8–10 g/kg. Mature was best. Best Mg and
P salt dosages are 20% of starting nitrogen.162,163
|
| Manure |
5%, 20% fw biochar |
Temperatures and CO2 reached at significantly greater
levels. Poultry litter that has been modified with biochar breaks
down more quickly. Ammonia emissions decreased by as much as 64%.
Losses of total N were decreased by
up to 52%.42
|
| FW |
50% fw sawdust |
Faster acidification and composting
timeframes and a lower pH upon completion. As a result of increased airflow through the particles,
the pace of composting quickened and temperature increased.96
|
| FW and GW |
Ash (8%, 16%) and (25%, 50%) |
The addition of ash had
no negative effects and met with all
legal requirements. Measurements of soil respiration showed that composts
with additives performed better.164 Ash
led to a 75% increase in the volume
of water that could be stored. As basal respiration, organic, soluble,
and microbial biomass carbon levels increased, the activity of the
enzymes b-glucosidase, l-asparaginase,
alkali phosphatase, and arylsulphatase all reduced in the composted
products.98
|
| FW |
Microbial inoculum (500 mL solution (1:20)) |
Development of stable, mature compost. Within a week of the microbial inoculum, the thermophilic
phase was produced. The germination index (>80%) and self-heating
test.110
|
| FW |
Biochar (300–450 °C) 10%, 15% (w/w) |
Enhanced
the physiochemical makeup of the finished compost
and the composting process. Attained the thermophilic temperature
quickly, which affected OM degradation by 14.4–15.3%, NH4 concentration by 37.8–45.6%, and NO3 concentration by 50–62%.61
|
| FW |
Coal fly ash (25%, 33%, 50%), lime (2%, 4%) |
Additives
inactivated the pathogens, maintaining a pH of 12 for around 4 days. Effective
in minimizing poststabilization regrowth and devitalizing
the pathogens.100
|
| FW |
Cornstalks, sawdust, spent mushroom 15% (5% each) |
Compost achieved the highest maturity (germination index rose
from 53% to 111% and the C/N ratio
dropped from 23 to 16). Minimal effect on NH3 emissions
but reduced leachate formation, CH4, and N2O
emissions. Reduced overall greenhouse gas emissions (to 33 kg CO2-eq t–1 dry
matter).45
|
| FW |
100 g of Na acetate |
Acetate raised the pH level to a value
between 5.2 and 5.5. A favorable impact on organic material
degradation and reducing propionic and butyric acid generation.165
|
| GW |
Biochar,
clay 10%, 25%, and 50% |
Biochar reduces (44%) carbon
mineralization during co-composting
and produces lower emissions of CO2.166
|
| GW |
10%, Rock-P, sediment |
There was an increase
in nitrogen oxide emissions but a decrease
in methane, ammonia, and hydrogen
sulfide emissions of about 35.5–65.5%. During the composting of manure, the overall emissions of greenhouse
gases (GHG) were reduced by about 34.7%. Produced more humic acid,
as evidenced by the E4/E6 ratio. Delayed biological organic matter
decomposition and created mature compost with increased electrical
conductivity.167
|
| GW |
Jaggery, fly ash (5% each) |
Additives
showed a big impact on cellulose activity and microbial
development. The C/N ratio was reduced
by more than 8%.85
|
| GW |
Biochar (20%, 30%), spent mushroom (35%, 55%) |
Biochar boosts compost nutrients. Improved compost’s
dehydrogenase activity, temperature, particle size distribution, open
air space, cation exchange capacity, nitrogen transformation, organic
matter degradation, humification, element concentrations, and seed
germination toxicity.115
|
| MSW |
Bagasse, paper, peanut shell, sawdust (10–40%) |
Bagasse biochar has optimized the moisture up to 60% and produces
more FAS.102
|
| MSW |
Rice straw 10%, 20%, and 30% |
Decrease in emissions
of sulfur compounds that are noxious.
Decrease in emissions of VFAs, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, aromatics,
and ammonia.168
|
| MSW |
5% and 10% of Zeolite |
The finished
compost’s ammonia content decreased. The
rates of ammonia uptake were 74.94 and 87.98%.169
|
| MSW |
40% (w/w) of reed straw, 12%
zeolite, plastic tubes, woodchips (50% each), and inoculum (2.5 and
5 mL kg–1 dry MSW) |
Range of cumulative emissions of N2O, CH4, and CO2 was 92.8, 5.8, and 260.6 mg kg–1 DM to 274.2, respectively. The range
of cumulative NH3 emission was 3.0 to 8.1 g kg–1 DM.170 The emission factors given have lower values.171 Increased the rate of maturity and humification.172
|
| SWS |
12% and 1% Biochar, lime 10%, 15%, 30%, and 1% zeolite and
lime |
Accelerated disintegration rate, decreased the
emission of
N2O, CH4, and ammonia, and greater levels of
the substances fulvic acid (3.79%) and humic acid (17.23%). HM bioavailability
was successfully decreased (34.81% Cu, 56.7% Zn, 87.96% Pb, and 86.5%
Ni). High mature compost with increased nutrient concentrations in
compost by increasing the adsorption of ammonium ions and decreasing
ammonia loss and N2O emission.36,173
|
| SWS |
Bamboo charcoal @ 0%, 1%, 3%,
5%, 7%, 9% (w/w) |
Considerably
lessen nitrogen loss with the total nitrogen loss
decreased by 64.1%. Reduced up to 44.4% and 19.3%, respectively, in
the mobility of Cu and Zn in the sludge.132
|
| SWS |
Woodchips, rice husk @ 1:1 to 1:4 (biosolids:woodchips) |
Compost pore space, oxygen, operating temperature, and heavy
metal concentrations were according to CCME (1996) standards.174
|
| SWS |
Yeast inoculum (8.13 × 107 and 5.37 × 106 CFU/g-ds) |
During the heating stage,
raw materials and acetic acid were
degraded.91
|
| SWS |
5%, 10%, and 15% Coal fly ash and 1.5% and 3% lime |
The 28-day composting period could be shortened (composting
time by 35%) while increasing the breakdown efficiency by high pH.
The amount of heavy metals was within the permitted range.100
|
| SWS |
25%, 33%, and 50% Coal fly ash and 2% and 4% lime |
Bacterial
colony was totally rendered inert. Slowed the regrowth
after stabilization.175
|
| SWS |
Lime 2.0% (w/w) |
Percentage of compounds like humic acid rose from
20.5% to
40.9% and 20.6% to 32.6%, respectively, through expediting the maturation
process and improving the transition of organic matter. The copper’s
transformation was only marginally impacted, and zinc’s transformation
from exchangeable and reducible fractions to oxidizable and residual
fractions was improved.176
|
| SWS |
25% Zeolite |
Zeolites completely
eliminated Ni, Cr, and Pb, as well as a sizable portion (more than 60%) of Cu, Zn, and
Hg. Low metal concentrations (<1 mg/kg) were found in zeolite leachates.177
|
| SWS |
20% Red mud 30% fly ash |
Germination index and electric conductivity both rose, whereas
the pH and total organic carbon decreased. Sludge’s toxicity
was eliminated, and its stabilization was expedited. By raising the
residual fractions, the amount of heavy metals overall was decreased.178
|
| Sewage sludge |
10% Coal fly ash and 20% phosphate rock |
The earthworm
development, reproduction, and metal concentrations
(apart from Zn and Cd) were all significantly greater. The mixtures’
concentrations of total metal and total organic carbon (TOC) decreased.179
|
| Rice straw |
Red mud, 25 g (w/w) |
Significant changes were seen in the pH, water extractable
organic carbon (WEOC), and total organic carbon (TOC). The heavy metals
that have had the greatest efficiency loss. Following the addition
of the additives, the microbial biomass in the treated soil rose.180
|
| Chicken manure + sawdust |
Straw biochar (0.42 cm3/g pore size) 25% (w/w, wet weight) |
The cornstalk biochar, free load bacteria,
mixed load bacteria,
and separate load bacteria groups reduced NH3 by 12.43%,
5.53%, 14.57%, and 22.61%, respectively. Total nitrogen loss, electrical
conductivity, water-soluble carbon, and ammonium nitrogen decreased.
Increased seed germination, microbial diversity, and lactic acid bacteria
during composting.181
|
