Table 2.

Comparison and the interfering factor of three cooperation scenarios.

	Type of cooperation	Type of connection	Visibility of middle managers	Type of interaction	Boundary perception of authority and responsibility (interfering factor)
Cooperation scenario 1	Hierarchical cooperation	Explicit connection	Visible	Rule-followed compulsory interaction	Strong
Cooperation scenario 2	Network cooperation	Implicit connection	Invisible	Value-created selective interaction	Unconscious
Cooperation scenario 3	Hierarchical and network cooperation	Explicit and implicit connections	A mix of visible and invisible	Rule-followed compulsory interaction and value-created selective interaction	Weak