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. 2024 Feb 15;15:1323846. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1323846

Table 2.

Distributions of UCLA loneliness scores among different Internet use habits.

UCLA loneliness scores Mean SD Eta squared
lower scores higher scores p value
Official purpose (study/work) rarely/never 211 (46.7%) 72 (42.1%) 0.238 43.0 12.1 0.00
sometimes 81 (17.9%) 26 (15.2%) 41.9 12.0
often/always 160 (35.4%) 73 (42.7%) 41.8 12.2
Stress release rarely/never 201 (44.5%) 60 (35.1%) 0.001 40.9 12.0 0.02
sometimes 128 (28.3%) 38 (22.2%) 42.2 10.2
often/always 123 (27.2%) 73 (42.7%) 44.4 13.6
Killing time rarely/never 105 (23.2%) 25 (14.6%) 0.005 38.9 10.6 0.03
sometimes 123 (27.2%) 37 (21.6%) 41.8 10.3
often/always 224 (49.6%) 109 (63.7%) 44.0 13.2
Communication rarely/never 223 (49.3%) 96 (56.1%) 0.267 43.7 12.3 0.02
sometimes 116 (25.7%) 41 (24%) 42.0 11.7
often/always 113 (25%) 34 (19.9%) 39.8 11.8
Associating rarely/never 359 (78.8%) 128 (74.9%) 0.026 42.2 12.3 0.00
sometimes 59 (13.1%) 17 (9.9%) 41.8 11.4
often/always 37 (8.2%) 26 (15.2%) 44.4 11.9
Expanding hobbies and network of friends rarely/never 341 (75.4%) 132 (77.2%) 0.549 42.6 12.2 0.00
sometimes 56 (12.4%) 16 (9.4%) 41.3 10.0
often/always 55 (12.2%) 23 (13.5%) 41.8 13.7
Resourcing rarely/never 26 (5.8%) 5 (2.9%) 0.258 42.1 8.7 0.00
sometimes 59 (13.1%) 19 (11.1%) 42.6 11.0
often/always 367 (81.2%) 147 (86%) 42.4 12.5
Sharing problems rarely/never 376 (83.2%) 135 (78.9%) 0.46 42.0 12.2 0.01
sometimes 50 (11.1%) 23 (13.5%) 44.1 11.1
often/always 26 (5.8%) 13 (7.6%) 44.5 12.6
Building community network rarely/never 388 (85.8%) 153 (89.5%) 0.421 42.8 12.4 0.01
sometimes 27 (6%) 9 (5.3%) 40.6 9.5
often/always 37 (8.2%) 9 (5.3%) 38.7 10.6
Online dating rarely/never 441 (97.6%) 158 (92.4%) 0.011 42.1 12.1 0.01
sometimes 5 (1.1%) 5 (2.9%) 47.5 10.4
often/always 6 (1.3%) 8 (4.7%) 50.6 12.9
Assessing pornography rarely/never 371 (82.1%) 121 (70.8%) 0.008 41.5 11.9 0.02
sometimes 49 (10.8%) 31 (18.1%) 45.4 12.5
often/always 32 (7.1%) 19 (11.1%) 45.8 13.0
Using anonymous online bulletin boards (2ch etc.) rarely/never 316 (69.9%) 93 (54.4%) <.001 40.9 11.3 0.03
sometimes 87 (19.2%) 40 (23.4%) 44.0 12.2
often/always 49 (10.8%) 38 (22.2%) 46.9 14.4
Blogging and SNS rarely/never 219 (48.5%) 83 (48.5%) 0.894 42.3 12.1 0.00
sometimes 86 (19%) 35 (20.5%) 43.3 11.4
often/always 147 (32.5%) 53 (31%) 41.9 12.7
Release personal updates and work presentations rarely/never 380 (84.1%) 139 (81.3%) 0.246 42.4 12.2 0.00
sometimes 32 (7.1%) 19 (11.1%) 44.2 11.7
often/always 40 (8.8%) 13 (7.6%) 40.6 11.8
Assessing Youtube/iTunes etc. rarely/never 210 (46.5%) 54 (31.6%) 0.003 40.8 11.0 0.01
sometimes 114 (25.2%) 53 (31%) 44.1 12.3
often/always 128 (28.3%) 64 (37.4%) 43.1 13.3
P2P and FTP rarely/never 364 (80.5%) 128 (74.9%) 0.298 42.3 12.4 0.00
sometimes 52 (11.5%) 25 (14.6%) 42.7 10.3
often/always 36 (8%) 18 (10.5%) 42.6 12.7
Online gaming rarely/never 382 (84.5%) 134 (78.4%) 0.05 41.9 12.2 0.01
sometimes 43 (9.5%) 17 (9.9%) 43.5 10.7
often/always 27 (6%) 20 (11.7%) 46.0 12.8
Online survey or quiz rarely/never 27 (6%) 12 (7%) 0.891 46.0 12.6 0.01
sometimes 78 (17.3%) 29 (17%) 42.2 11.7
often/always 347 (76.8%) 130 (76%) 42.1 12.2
Financial transaction rarely/never 227 (50.2%) 96 (56.1%) 0.294 43.2 12.5 0.01
sometimes 110 (24.3%) 41 (24%) 42.9 11.6
often/always 115 (25.4%) 34 (19.9%) 40.0 11.7
Online shopping/auctions rarely/never 99 (21.9%) 33 (19.3%) 0.393 41.6 10.8 0.00
sometimes 174 (38.5%) 60 (35.1%) 42.5 11.6
often/always 179 (39.6%) 78 (45.6%) 42.7 13.2

Chi-square test were used to explore the relationship between loneliness and various everyday internet use habits.  To ensure the validity of our statistical tests, the homogeneity of variances using Levene's and Welch's tests were assessed.  One-way ANOVA to facilitate the comparison of means. Effect sizes, employing Cohen's classification for eta-squared were calculated to gauge the magnitude of effects, small (.01), medium (.06), or large (.14). (N=623).