Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to according to the lowest, middle and highest categories of dairy consumption among women aged ≥ 60y in the Nurses’ Health Study
| Milk | Yogurt | Cheese | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 1/wk | 2 to 4 /wk | ≥ 2/d | Never | 1/wk | ≥ 5/wk | < 1/wk | 2 to 4 /wk | ≥ 1/d | |
| Participants, n | 11,584 | 24,304 | 8007 | 24,495 | 15,387 | 1253 | 4922 | 43,517 | 10,223 |
| Mean age, y | 62.5 (2.3) | 62.4 (2.2) | 63.1 (2.5) | 63.0 (2.5) | 62.3 (2.1) | 62.6 (2.3) | 62.8 (2.4) | 62.5 (2.2) | 62.9 (2.5) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.2 (4.8) | 25.7 (4.7) | 25.7 (4.8) | 25.6 (4.8) | 25.7 (4.6) | 24.8 (4.5) | 25.1 (4.6) | 25.6 (4.7) | 26.1 (5.0) |
| Discretionary physical activity, METs-h/wk | 17.7 (23.4) | 18.4 (22.9) | 20.4 (23.7) | 16.7 (21.5) | 20.1 (22.7) | 26.8 (30.3) | 16.8 (23.8) | 18.5 (22.3) | 21.1 (24.9) |
| Current smoker, % | 17 | 12 | 12 | 20 | 8 | 7 | 15 | 12 | 12 |
| Education graduate school, % | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
| Census tract income above 100,000/y, % | 22 | 23 | 21 | 18 | 26 | 25 | 21 | 23 | 22 |
| Medication usea | |||||||||
| Aspirin, % | 41 | 46 | 46 | 43 | 47 | 44 | 40 | 46 | 46 |
| Postmenopausal hormone therapy, % | 37 | 38 | 37 | 34 | 39 | 39 | 35 | 38 | 38 |
| Diuretics, % | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 11 |
| β-Blockers, % | 12 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 14 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 12 |
| Calcium channel blockers, % | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 10 |
| ACE inhibitors, % | 9 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 |
| Other blood pressure medication, % | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Lipid lowering medication, %, % | 13 | 16 | 14 | 13 | 17 | 11 | 18 | 17 | 12 |
| Insulin, % | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Oral hypoglycemic drugs, % | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Dietary intake | |||||||||
| Milk, servings/d | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.48 (0.12) | 2.50 (0.54) | 0.77 (0.77) | 0.91 (0.71) | 1.02 (0.84) | 0.73 (0.78) | 0.85 (0.72) | 0.89 (0.76) |
| Low-fat milk, servings/d | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.39 (0.18) | 2.15 (0.76) | 0.59 (0.71) | 0.80 (0.68) | 0.89 (0.79) | 0.59 (0.71) | 0.72 (0.68) | 0.76 (0.72) |
| Whole milk, servings/d | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.09 (0.15) | 0.35 (0.68) | 0.18 (0.39) | 0.11 (0.25) | 0.13 (0.36) | 0.14 (0.34) | 0.13 (0.30) | 0.14 (0.31) |
| Yogurt, servings/d | 0.09 (0.17) | 0.12 (0.17) | 0.14 (0.21) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.20 (0.04) | 0.96 (0.34) | 0.07 (0.16) | 0.12 (0.17) | 0.16 (0.22) |
| Plain yogurt, servings/d | 0.07 (0.20) | 0.09 (0.22) | 0.11 (0.26) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.15 (0.21) | 0.60 (0.76) | 0.06 (0.20) | 0.10 (0.21) | 0.13 (0.26) |
| Sweetened yogurt, servings/d | 0.04 (0.14) | 0.06 (0.14) | 0.06 (0.16) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.09 (0.16) | 0.31 (0.54) | 0.04 (0.16) | 0.06 (0.15) | 0.07 (0.17) |
| Cheese, servings/d | 0.55 (0.45) | 0.58 (0.38) | 0.61 (0.42) | 0.54 (0.43) | 0.63 (0.38) | 0.75 (0.51) | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.48 (0.12) | 1.37 (0.47) |
| Low-fat cheese, servings/d | 0.13 (0.18) | 0.16 (0.18) | 0.20 (0.23) | 0.13 (0.19) | 0.20 (0.18) | 0.30 (0.32) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.14 (0.11) | 0.38 (0.35) |
| High-fat cheese, servings/d | 0.43 (0.39) | 0.42 (0.32) | 0.41 (0.33) | 0.41 (0.36) | 0.42 (0.31) | 0.44 (0.37) | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.35 (0.13) | 0.99 (0.50) |
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 1520 (424) | 1651 (407) | 1978 (413) | 1655 (445) | 1756 (419) | 1958 (457) | 1445 (416) | 1682 (398) | 1983 (439) |
| Alcohol intake, g/d | 7.9 (11.4) | 6.2 (8.9) | 4.5 (7.8) | 6.7 (10.6) | 5.5 (7.7) | 5.3 (7.4) | 4.2 (8.4) | 5.9 (8.8) | 7.6 (10.21) |
| AHEI score | 51.8 (10.0) | 52.6 (9.5) | 50.9 (9.4) | 48.8 (9.4) | 54.4 (9.0) | 58.1 (9.4) | 51.5 (10.4) | 52.2 (9.4) | 52.6 (9.5) |
| Number of frailty criteria, % | |||||||||
| 0 | 72 | 71 | 71 | 72 | 70 | 77 | 70 | 71 | 71 |
| 1 | 22 | 23 | 23 | 22 | 23 | 18 | 23 | 23 | 23 |
| 2 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 6 |
BMI body mass index, METs metabolic equivalent tasks, ACE angiotensin converting enzyme, AHEI Alternate Healthy Eating Index. Values are means (SD) unless otherwise indicated. Data, except age, were directly standardized to the age distribution of the entire cohort
a1 or more times per week