Table 2.
Relative risks (95% confidence interval) of frailty according to categories of dairy consumption among 85,280 women aged ≥ 60y in the Nurses’ Health Study
| Milk | Dairy categories | P value | Per serving/d increment | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 1/wk | 1/wk | 2 to 4 /wk | 5 to 6 /wk | 1/d | ≥ 2/d | |||
| Participants, n | 11,584 | 8403 | 24,302 | 12,555 | 20,429 | 8007 | ||
| Person-yr | 166,882 | 141,165 | 419,068 | 208,781 | 328,540 | 108,879 | ||
| Frailty cases, n | 1734 | 1592 | 5029 | 2464 | 3935 | 1158 | ||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.09) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) | 0.08 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) |
| Multivariable modela | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.89, 1.02) | 0.97 (0.92, 1.02) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.00) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 0.90 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) |
| Multivariable modelb | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.04) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) | 0.46 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) |
| Yogurt | Never | < 1/wk | 1/wk | 2 to 4 /wk | ≥ 5/wk | |||
| Participants, n | 24,495 | 33,1159 | 15,387 | 10,986 | 1253 | |||
| Person-yr | 307,484 | 581,896 | 273,943 | 192,121 | 17,870 | |||
| Frailty cases, n | 3168 | 7404 | 3148 | 2023 | 169 | |||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.92, 1.01) | 0.88 (0.84, 0.92) | 0.83 (0.78, 0.87) | 0.84 (0.72, 0.98) | < 0.001 | 0.67 (0.61, 0.74) | |
| Multivariable modela | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.91, 0.99) | 0.89 (0.85, 0.94) | 0.89 (0.84, 0.94) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.14) | < 0.001 | 0.83 (0.75, 0.92) | |
| Multivariable modelb | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.95, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 1.14 (0.97, 1.33) | 0.33 | 1.06 (0.95, 1.18) | |
| Cheese | < 1/wk | 1/wk | 2 to 4 /wk | 5 to 6 /wk | ≥ 1/d | |||
| Participants, n | 4922 | 11,799 | 43,517 | 14,819 | 10,223 | |||
| Person-yr | 76,670 | 200,193 | 731,455 | 226,683 | 138,313 | |||
| Frailty cases, n | 794 | 2285 | 8654 | 2617 | 1562 | |||
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.99, 1.17) | 1.14 (1.06, 1.22) | 1.17 (1.08, 1.26) | 1.24 (1.13, 1.35) | < 0.001 | 1.13 (1.08, 1.18) | |
| Multivariable modela | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 1.07 (0.99, 1.15) | 1.08 (0.99, 1.17) | 1.14 (1.04, 1.25) | 0.003 | 1.08 (1.03, 1.13) | |
| Multivariable modelb | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 1.08 (1.00, 1.17) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.21) | 1.17 (1.07, 1.28) | < 0.001 | 1.10 (1.05, 1.16) | |
aCox regression model adjusted for: age (months), calendar time (4-y intervals), census tract income (< $45,000, $45,000–$59,999, $60,000–$74,999, $75,000–$99,999, or ≥ $100,000/y), education (registered nursing degrees, bachelor’s degree, masters or doctorate degree), baseline body mass index (< 25.0, 25.0–29.9, ≥ 30.0 kg/m2), smoking status (never, past, and current 1–14, 15–24, and ≥ 25 cigarettes/day), alcohol intake (0, 1.0–4.9, 5.0–14.9, or ≥ 15.0 g/d), energy intake (quintiles of kcal/d) and medication use (aspirin, postmenopausal hormone therapy, diuretics, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, other blood pressure medication, lipid lowering medication, insulin, and oral hypoglycemic medication)
bAdjustment as in the previous model and additionally adjusted for adherence to the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (quartiles). Milk, yogurt, and cheese were mutually adjusted for each other (all in categories)