Table 2.

Overall Summary of Included articles detailing study design and method; information regarding location and context; outline of key findings; and degree of alignment following synthesis and analysis of publications through quality assessment, critical appraisal, and GSGL factor alignment

Included study	Study design and method	Sample	Context – Urban, Remote or Both	Home-based/ Respite/ Residential aged care	Degree of alignment with GSGL	Findings related to service delivery, implementing (MOC) principles into practice	JBI	QAT
1. Cairns et al. 2022 (QLD) [29]	Single program evaluation; Mixed-methods Action research framework	Unclear	Remote	All	High	Cultural responsiveness is the principle informing service design in remote settings. Co-design enables adaptation to provide meaningful services, improving outcomes. Reciprocal relationships are essential to achieving objectives, and developing strength-based approaches that define good living	H	H
2. Carroll et al. 2010 (WA) [49]	Whole service MoC implementation: Evaluation of a locally designed community service MOC	22 First Nations clients (15 aged care; 7 disability)- aged 15 to 83	Remote	Home-based	High	Recommendations for co-design of integrated aged, disability and mental health service provision, include integrated service coordination facilitated by one culturally safe/community-controlled hub organization working together on common agenda and goals, community-based and culturally secure services, one service access point for Elders, First Nations workforce, and education/ training	H	H
3. Dawson et al. 2021 (SA) [56]	Whole service MoC implementation; case studies Qualitative Interviews	46 members of ACCHO staff & board—20 First Nations Australians, 26 non-First Nations	2 metropolitan Aboriginal Community-controlled Services	All	High	Summarizes principles, enablers, challenges and outcomes of Aboriginal community-controlled aged care service delivery. Details nine implementation actions and service planning activities Sustainability was an issue	H	H
4. Du Toit et al. 2014 (South Africa) [62]	Whole service MoC design; Qualitative Focus groups	15 aged-care workers/ collaborators 8 First Nations, 7 non-First Nations	Urban	Residential	High	Practical suggestions include: meaningful engagement and respect; encompassing autonomy, choice, involvement in co-occupations, and physical accessibility, combined with quality of care	H	M
5. Gidgup et al. 2022 (WA) [55]	Single program evaluation; Qualitative Yarning circles	19 First Nations Elders (program participants) aged over 45	Both – 2 organizations with one from each setting	Unclear	Medium	Learnings related to implementation—describes positive experiences allowing participants to meaningfully connect/ engage in a culturally appropriate program. A sense of belonging was key to attendance and continued participation, with benefits described as holistic in nature, in addition to those derived from the physical activities part of the program	H	H
6. Harding et al. 2022 (NZ) [58]	Whole service MoC design; Interpretive research design guided by Kaupapa Maori theory	17 Health & Social service professionals—12 Maori, 5 non-Maori	Unclear	Unclear	Medium	Key facilitators centered on external support, where participants reported program structure and experiences provide evidence supporting relevance and value of the intervention to their communities. Other key facilitators included process, and adaptability. The process facilitated community engagement during implementation & dissemination- increasing effectiveness & sustainability. Program adaptability enhances cultural/ community fit	H	M
7. Hikaka et al. 2021 a (NZ) [60]	Single program design; Secondary analysis	Data from previous research	Urban	Home-based	Medium	Kaupapa theory underpins five Tiriti O Waitangi principles which structure this pharmacist-facilitated medicines review intervention for community-dwelling Māori Elders, with the objective of achieving equitable changes	M	M
8. Hikaka et al. 2021 b (NZ) [61]	Single program evaluation; Qualitative Interviews	17 First Nations Elders (program participants) aged 58–92	Urban	Home-based	Medium	Recommendations include: medicines knowledge from a trusted professional; increased advocacy; ‘by Māori, for Māori’; increased confidence and control; financial and resource implications	H	H
9. Lavrencic et al. 2021 (NSW) [50]	Single program evaluation; Mixed-methods Yarning circles	7 First Nations Elders (program participants) aged between 62—81	Remote	Home-based	Medium	Co-design process with First Nations communities and stakeholders which privileges First Nations leadership, and is culturally grounded at all stages of design and implementation ensured a high acceptability among participants and facilitators. This enables improved results relating to program objectives	H	M
10. MacKell et al. 2022 (WA, NT, QLD) [51]	Single program design; mixed-methods, online survey, semi-structured interviews & focus groups	99 First Nations and non-First Nations participants—50 artists, 25 art center staff members, 24 aged-care staff	Both	Both	High	Engagement underpinned by connection, Elder role, and culture. MOC is directed by Elders, providing holistic care through meaningful relationships. Reciprocity involves artists working for the center, & community in turn caring for artists	H	M
11. Macniven et al. 2021 (NSW, WA, SA) [63]	Single program evaluation; Qualitative Yarning circles	24 First Nations Elders (program participants)– aged over 45	Both	Both	High	Learnings related to implementation - 6 Key themes around Knowing, Being, & Doing – resulting in a co-design program & resource relevant for Aboriginal people. Knowing involved elders connecting socially to share knowledge – elders value adequate program resourcing, facilities and sustainability. Group dynamics were preferenced, which elders viewed as providing vital social support in order to age well, as well as strengthening culture. Doing involved elders sharing their experiences on operating a culturally-safe, relevant program	M	M
12. Murphy et al. 2010 (WA) [36]	Whole service MoC implementation; Mixed-methods Service data; interviews, journals	22 First Nations clients (15 aged care; 7 disability)) – aged 15 to 83	Remote	Home-based	High	Demonstrated a successful service MOC by incorporating 3 services – disability, older, mental illness—developed in collaboration with community members & key stakeholders addressing unmet needs	M	M
13. Oetzel et al. 2020 (NZ) [59]	Whole service MoC design; Peer education intervention guided by Kaupapa Maori theory	121 Māori Elders	Unclear	Unclear	High	Culturally appropriate peer education intervention can address social connectedness through cultural concepts—tribal identity, tautoko, whakawhangaungatanga	H	H
14. Pelcastre—Villafuerte et al. 2017 (Mexico)- [57]	Whole service MoC design; Qualitative Semi-structured interviews & focus group	44 First Nations Elders (aged over 60)– 10 allopathic providers, 10 traditional providers	Remote	Home-based	High	Practical MOC design suggestions made in strategic areas: (1) Sociocultural epidemiology; (2) Local healthcare resources; (3) Community participation; (4) Strategies for communication on health issues; (5) Inter-institutional communication/interaction; (6) Sustainability communication/interaction; and Sustainability	H	M
15. Smith et al. 2010 (NT) [53]	Whole service MoC implementation; Qualitative Participant observation	25–35 First Nations clients aged over 50 mostly frail aged	Remote	All	High	Describes the operating principles ‘cultural comfort’ & ‘community control’ that support Elders to live with family on country. Emphasize community MOC rather than institutional MOC	H	H
16. Wettasinghe et al. 2020 (NSW) [54]	Whole service MoC design; Qualitative Semi-structured interviews & focus group	34 First Nations clients aged 50 years and older	Both	Home-based	High	Practical MOC design suggestions include a culturally-appropriate aged care program which identifies health concerns around themes including physical health, social and emotional well-being, and poor service access. Looks to empower Elders through technology education	M	L

GSGL Good Spirit Good Life, MOC Models of Care, JBI Joanna Briggs Institute, QAT Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Quality Appraisal Tool, H High, M Medium, L Low, QLD Queensland, WA Western Australia, SA South Australia, NSW New South Wales, NT Northern Territory, NZ New Zealand