Table 8.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of self-medication practice among the study participants
| Dependent: Practice of SM | No | Yes | OR (95% CI, p-value) (univariable) | aOR (95% CI, p-value) (multivariable) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | Mean (SD) | 31.0 (13.40) | 32.2 (13.40) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01, p = 0.065) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02, p = 0.751) |
| Gender | Male | 307 (38.80) | 485 (61.20) | - | - |
| Female | 299 (35.70) | 539 (64.30) | 1.14 (0.93–1.40, p = 0.198) | 1.24 (0.99–1.56, p = 0.065) | |
| Region or province | Greater Cairo Region | 147 (37.30) | 247 (62.70) | - | - |
| Alexandria Region | 100 (47.40) | 111 (52.60) | 0.66 (0.47–0.93, p = 0.016) | 0.66 (0.46–0.94, p = 0.023) | |
| Asyut Region | 15 (24.60) | 46 (75.40) | 1.83 (1.01–3.49, p = 0.056) | 1.70 (0.91–3.31, p = 0.107) | |
| Delta Region | 83 (28.90) | 204 (71.10) | 1.46 (1.06–2.03, p = 0.023) | 1.50 (1.06–2.14, p = 0.024) | |
| Northern Upper Egypt Region | 52 (41.60) | 73 (58.40) | 0.84 (0.56–1.26, p = 0.390) | 0.96 (0.62–1.49, p = 0.856) | |
| Southern Upper Egypt | 158 (37.10) | 268 (62.90) | 1.01 (0.76–1.34, p = 0.948) | 1.08 (0.80–1.47, p = 0.608) | |
| Suez Canal Region | 51 (40.50) | 75 (59.50) | 0.88 (0.58–1.32, p = 0.524) | 0.95 (0.62–1.46, p = 0.805) | |
| Residence | Rural | 232 (37.00) | 395 (63.00) | - | - |
| Urban | 374 (37.30) | 629 (62.70) | 0.99 (0.80–1.21, p = 0.907) | 1.08 (0.85–1.36, p = 0.528) | |
| Marital status | Single | 374 (39.30) | 578 (60.70) | - | - |
| Divorced | 8 (28.60) | 20 (71.40) | 1.62 (0.73–3.94, p = 0.256) | 1.38 (0.57–3.58, p = 0.488) | |
| Married | 212 (34.50) | 403 (65.50) | 1.23 (1.00–1.52, p = 0.055) | 1.24 (0.87–1.78, p = 0.233) | |
| Widow/Widower | 12 (34.30) | 23 (65.70) | 1.24 (0.62–2.60, p = 0.552) | 1.09 (0.46–2.71, p = 0.842) | |
| Highest educational degree | High or secondary school | 198 (38.30) | 319 (61.70) | - | - |
| Higher (university) education or above | 383 (37.10) | 650 (62.90) | 1.05 (0.85–1.31, p = 0.640) | 0.92 (0.72–1.18, p = 0.518) | |
| Primary or elementary education | 25 (31.20) | 55 (68.80) | 1.37 (0.83–2.29, p = 0.227) | 1.54 (0.88–2.76, p = 0.134) | |
| Employment | Not working | 325 (40.50) | 477 (59.50) | - | - |
| Free work such as freelancer, dayworker | 70 (35.00) | 130 (65.00) | 1.27 (0.92–1.75, p = 0.153) | 1.48 (1.03–2.16, p = 0.037) | |
| Retired | 17 (45.90) | 20 (54.10) | 0.80 (0.41–1.57, p = 0.512) | 0.84 (0.37–1.88, p = 0.662) | |
| Working in governmental work | 104 (31.90) | 222 (68.10) | 1.45 (1.11–1.91, p = 0.007) | 1.33 (0.94–1.90, p = 0.113) | |
| Working in private sector | 90 (34.00) | 175 (66.00) | 1.32 (0.99–1.78, p = 0.058) | 1.52 (1.09–2.12, p = 0.014) | |
| Field of study or work | Non-medical | 363 (38.50) | 579 (61.50) | - | - |
| Medical | 243 (35.30) | 445 (64.70) | 1.15 (0.94–1.41, p = 0.185) | 1.65 (1.26–2.17, p < 0.001) | |
|
Does the household income suffice the basic requirements of the family Do you have health insurance |
It barely suffices | 326 (35.70) | 588 (64.30) | - | - |
| It is more than sufficient | 140 (40.90) | 202 (59.10) | 0.80 (0.62–1.03, p = 0.086) | 0.80 (0.60–1.05, p = 0.111) | |
| It is not sufficient | 140 (37.40) | 234 (62.60) | 0.93 (0.72–1.19, p = 0.549) | 0.91 (0.69–1.20, p = 0.490) | |
| No | 354 (38.50) | 565 (61.50) | - | - | |
| Yes | 252 (35.40) | 459 (64.60) | 1.14 (0.93–1.40, p = 0.202) | 1.14 (0.90–1.45, p = 0.276) | |
| Does the health insurance or monthly income support visiting a physician whenever you want | No | 341 (36.10) | 603 (63.90) | - | - |
| Yes | 265 (38.60) | 421 (61.40) | 0.90 (0.73–1.10, p = 0.301) | 0.92 (0.72–1.17, p = 0.480) | |
| History of drug allergy | No | 405 (39.40) | 622 (60.60) | - | - |
| Not sure | 134 (34.60) | 253 (65.40) | 1.23 (0.96–1.57, p = 0.097) | 1.22 (0.94–1.59, p = 0.131) | |
| Yes | 67 (31.00) | 149 (69.00) | 1.45 (1.06–1.99, p = 0.021) | 1.35 (0.97–1.90, p = 0.074) | |
| Medical history for chronic or congenital diseases | No | 446 (39.30) | 690 (60.70) | - | - |
| Yes | 160 (32.40) | 334 (67.60) | 1.35 (1.08–1.69, p = 0.008) | 1.26 (0.98–1.63, p = 0.073) | |
| Knowledge level | Poor | 280 (38.10) | 454 (61.90) | - | - |
| Good | 326 (36.40) | 570 (63.60) | 1.08 (0.88–1.32, p = 0.464) | 1.15 (0.90–1.48, p = 0.268) | |
| Attitude level | Unfavorable | 245 (29.10) | 598 (70.90) | - | - |
| Favorable | 361 (45.90) | 426 (54.10) | 0.48 (0.39–0.59, p < 0.001) | 0.44 (0.36–0.55, p < 0.001) |
* P – value significance ≤ 0.05
Abbreviations: SD Standard deviation, OR Odds ration, aOR adjusted odds ration, CI Confidence interval