Table 2.
Summary statistics by gender of students.
| Variable | Overall |
Male |
Female |
Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | (SE) | |
| Age of student (Years) | 11.089 (5.373) | 11.298 (5.583) | 10.851 (5.119) | 0.447 (0.400) |
| Child attended school/college during last 12 months (1 = Yes) | 0.949 (0.221) | 0.956 (0.206) | 0.941 (0.236) | 0.015 (0.015) |
| Child still attending school (1 = Yes) | 0.954 (0.210) | 0.956 (0.206) | 0.952 (0.214) | 0.004 (0.015) |
| Current grade/level is basic school (i.e., Primary and JHS) (1 = Yes) | 0.866 (0.341) | 0.862 (0.345) | 0.870 (0.336) | −0.008 (0.026) |
| Current grade/level is secondary school (1 = Yes) | 0.093 (0.291) | 0.089 (0.285) | 0.099 (0.299) | −0.010 (0.023) |
| Current grade/level is tertiary school (1 = Yes) | 0.041 (0.198) | 0.049 (0.217) | 0.031 (0.174) | 0.018 (0.015) |
| Public religious school (1 = Yes) | 0.118 (0.323) | 0.106 (0.308) | 0.132 (0.339) | −0.026 (0.024) |
| Public non-religious school (1 = Yes) | 0.518 (0.500) | 0.530 (0.500) | 0.504 (0.501) | 0.025 (0.036) |
| Private religious school (1 = Yes) | 0.041 (0.198) | 0.030 (0.170) | 0.054 (0.225) | −0.024* (0.013) |
| Private non-religious school (1 = Yes) | 0.323 (0.468) | 0.335 (0.473) | 0.310 (0.463) | 0.025 (0.033) |
| Student attends public school (1 = Yes) | 0.636 (0.481) | 0.635 (0.482) | 0.637 (0.482) | −0.001 (0.034) |
| Student has used computer in the last 3 months (1 = Yes) | 0.138 (0.345) | 0.140 (0.348) | 0.135 (0.342) | 0.005 (0.025) |
| Number of computer-related activities undertaken in the last 3 months (#) | 0.318 (0.981) | 0.315 (0.961) | 0.321 (1.005) | −0.006 (0.070) |
| Student has performed at least three computer-related activities in the last 3 months (1 = Yes) | 0.043 (0.204) | 0.047 (0.211) | 0.039 (0.195) | 0.007 (0.014) |
| Student has used internet in the last 3 months (1 = Yes) | 0.137 (0.344) | 0.150 (0.358) | 0.121 (0.327) | 0.029 (0.026) |
| Student used internet for educational purposes (1 = Yes) | 0.122 (0.328) | 0.133 (0.340) | 0.110 (0.313) | 0.023 (0.023) |
| Student used internet for academic work in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic (1 = Yes) | 0.117 (0.321) | 0.133 (0.340) | 0.099 (0.299) | 0.034+ (0.023) |
| Number of educational purposes that student uses internet (#) | 0.250 (0.756) | 0.271 (0.767) | 0.225 (0.744) | 0.046 (0.051) |
| Student participated in on-line classes through Zoom, Google Meet, etc during the COVID-19 pandemic (1 = Yes) | 0.050 (0.218) | 0.059 (0.236) | 0.039 (0.195) | 0.020 (0.016) |
| COVID-19 positively affect student's education/schooling (1 = Yes) | 0.066 (0.248) | 0.069 (0.254) | 0.062 (0.241) | 0.007 (0.018) |
| COVID-19 negatively affect student's education/schooling (1 = Yes) | 0.682 (0.466) | 0.695 (0.461) | 0.668 (0.472) | 0.027 (0.032) |
| Household incurred extra cost for student education due to the COVID-19 pandemic (1 = Yes) | 0.470 (0.499) | 0.475 (0.500) | 0.465 (0.499) | 0.011 (0.035) |
| Total extra cost on student education due to COVID-19 pandemic (GHS; including 0s) | 304.704 (552.671) | 321.062 (619.768) | 286.042 (464.622) | 35.019 (39.833) |
| Natural logarithm of extra cost on education | 3.529 (2.846) | 3.590 (2.841) | 3.459 (2.854) | 0.130 (0.209) |
| Overall effect of COVID-19 pandemic on school attendance is negative (1 = Yes) | 0.524 (0.500) | 0.527 (0.500) | 0.521 (0.500) | 0.006 (0.034) |
| Overall effect of COVID-19 pandemic on academic performance is negative (1 = Yes) | 0.618 (0.486) | 0.638 (0.481) | 0.594 (0.492) | 0.044 (0.035) |
| Number of observation (N) | 761 | 406 | 355 | - |
Notes: Standard error adjusted for 360 households. Results are reported for all students in the households. The Oanda's exchange rate for January 31, 2022 was 1 US$ = 6.22387 GHS.