Figure 1. Data preparation.

(A) With the permission of the Clarivate Analytics™ legal team, we obtained citation records for articles published in hybrid journals by conducting searches in the Web of Science Core Collection for different Web of Science Categories in biology. We verified whether the journals found by each search were hybrid journals and, if so, we downloaded data, including number of citations, OA type, etc., for all articles published in each journal between 2013 and 2018. We also obtained citation metrics that we used as predictors in our full and “matched” analyses. (B) For the matched analysis, we restricted our dataset to compare hybrid gold and closed access articles published in the same volume and issue of our journals. (C) Lastly, we obtained values as of June 2021 for each journal’s APC to test APC values associated with number of citations.