Fig. 3.

Predicted (a)–(c) lotus-type pore shape development on dimensionless universal phase diagrams, (d) final lotus-type pore shapes, and (e) bubble growth rate-to-solidification rate ratio versus contact angle for different partition coefficients at initial time, (f) dimensionless solute pressure and its changing rate, apex radius and contact angle versus time, and (g) dimensionless changing rate of solute pressure in pore affected by volume expansion, solute transport due to convection and rejection by solidification front on cap.