Table 1.
Key indicators used at the country level for SDGs and environmental monitoring in tourism.
| Countries | Monitoring area (km2) | Municipality | Visitors overnight | Accommodation | Room/beds | Tourist attraction | % of contribution to GDP State | Main key monitoring areas in addition to the UNWTO mandatory indicators related to environmental impact |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yucatan (Mexico) | 3.95E+04 | 1.06E+02 | 2.25E+05 | 5.86E+00 | 1.57E+04 beds | 6.00E+00 | 11.1 | Climate change, energy, water and solid waste management, wastewater treatment |
| São Paolo (Brazil) | 2.48E+05 | 9.00E+00 | 3.37 E+05 | 2.33E+03 | 1.25E+05 beds | x | 8.7 | Climate change, energy, water and solid waste management |
| Biscay (Spain) | 2.22E+03 | x | 1.93 E+06 | 7.44E+00 | 1.55E+04 beds | x | x | NA |
| Málaga (Spain) | 3.95E+02 | x | 2.60 E+06 | x | x | 1.14E+02 | x | Climate change, cruise ship impacts |
| Bogotà (Colombia) | 1,76E+03 | x | 7.74E+05 | 2.48E+03 | 3.20E+04 beds | x | x | Climate change, sewage, energy, and water management |
| Yukon (Canada) | 4.83E+04 | x | 4.91E+05 | x | x | 5 | Natural environment | |
| Barcelona (Spain) | 7.69E+03 | x | 1.94E+07 | x | x | x | x | Air pollution, climate change, energy, water management, marketing for sustainable tourism, and sustainable and environmental management |
| Mallorca (Spain) | 3.34E+00 | x | 2.31 E+07 | 1.80E+03 | 3.045E+04 beds | x | x | Biodiversity, safeguarding of nature |
| Canary Islands (Spain) | 7.50E+03 | x | 1.56E+07 | 1.31E+04 | x | x | 3.50E+01 | Energy, wastewater and solid waste management, climate change, natural capital, protected areas, and fragile ecosystems, |
| Azores (Portugal) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | Energy, water management, solid waste, and wastewater (sewage) management |
| Algarve (Portugal) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | Energy, water and solid waste management, wastewater (sewage) |
| Thompson Okanagan (Canada) | 7.16E+04 | 1.20E+02 | 1.55E+06 | x | x | x | x | Energy, water and waste management, climate change, land use, and sustainable tourism practices |
| South West Australia | x | x | 3.13E+06 | x | x | x | x | Energy, water and solid waste management |
| Antigua Guatemala | 7.80E+01 | x | 1.19E+06 | 1.98E+00 | 2.87E+03 rooms | x | x | CO2 of tourism events, garbage, and water consumption |
| Navarre (Spain) | 1.04E+04 | x | 1.45E+05 | 4.00E+01 | x | 6.00E+00 | 3.00E+00 | Impact of emissions, spatial deconcentration, reforestation, and the evolution of the ecosystem |
| Buenos Aires (Argentina) | 2.00E+00 | x | x | 5.69E+00 | 8.89E+05 rooms | NA | ||
| Alentejo (Portugal) | 3.16E+04 | x | 1.50E+06 | 2.33E+03 | x | x | 6.90E+00 | Energy and water, solid waste and wastewater management |
| South Tyrol (Italy) | 7.40E+03 | x | 7.00E+06 | 1.02E+04 | 7.33E+04 rooms | x | x | Biodiversity, nature protection, and climate change |
| Pangandaran (Indonesia) | 2.04E+04 | x | 4.38E+05 | 4.50E+01 | x | 2.00E+00 | x | Solid waste management |
| Sanur (Indonesia) | 1.06E+04 | x | 7.59E+05 | 1.36E+00 | 5.20E+03 beds | 4.00E+00 | x | Water and solid waste management, and sewage treatment |
| Toba (Indonesia) | 8.53E+04 | x | 3.78E+05 | 1.17E+00 | 3.50E+03 beds | 4.00E+00 | x | Energy, water and waste management |
| Lombok (Indonesia) | 1.10E+03 | x | 2.21E+06 | 9.41E+00 | 1.21E+04 rooms | 3.00E+00 | x | NA |
| Sleman (Indonesia) | 5.75E+02 | x | x | x | x | 4.00E+00 | x | Liquid, solid waste management, sustainability standards, reduction of GHG, environmentally friendly transportation, and bio-mass energy produced from livestock |
| Sonoma (California, USA) | 4.60E+03 | x | 7.00E+06 | x | x | 4.00E+00 | x | Impacts of agricultural tourism, water scarcity, climate change |
| Adriatic Coast (Croatia) | 2.47E+01 | 1.68E+07 | 7.11E+00 | 5.69E+04 beds | x | x | Energy, water, and waste control | |
| Guanajuato (México) | 3.06E+04 | x | 3.07E+07 | 9.59E+00 | 2.99E+04 beds | 2.00E+00 | x | Environment |
| Aegean Islands (Greece) | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | NA |
*NA: not available.
*: in the column “Main key monitoring areas in addition to the UNWTO mandatory indicators related to environmental impact” in bold the topics considered by the authors in the current study.
Source: Authors' elaboration based on UNWTOINSTO platform [46].