Table 2.
Characteristics of eight countries in study sample, 2013–2018
| Characteristics | Afghanistan | Bangladesh§ | DR Congo | Haiti | Malawi | Nepal | Senegal‖ | Tanzania | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geographic region |
South Asia |
South Asia |
sub-Saharan Africa |
Latin America and the Caribbean |
sub-Saharan Africa |
South Asia |
sub-Saharan Africa |
sub-Saharan Africa |
|
| Income group |
Lower middle |
Lower middle |
Low |
Low |
Low |
Low |
Low |
Low |
|
| Population (in millions)*† |
37 |
161 |
77.3 |
10.7 |
16.4 |
28.2 |
15.1 |
51.8 |
|
| Population density (per km2)* |
60 |
1237 |
34 |
389 |
174 |
197 |
79 |
59 |
|
| Urban population (% of total population)*† |
26 |
34 |
42 |
59 |
16 |
18 |
44 |
31 |
|
| OOPS (% of the CHS)*† |
79.3 |
73.9 |
41.6 |
39.9 |
6.7 |
59.4 |
51.2 |
25.8 |
|
| EHS (% of the CHS)*† |
12.4 |
6.8 |
35.2 |
43.5 |
68.3 |
14.4 |
17.3 |
37.8 |
|
| Life expectancy at birth (years)*† |
63 |
72.1 |
60.4 |
63.3 |
59.9 |
69.5 |
67.1 |
63.1 |
|
| COVID-19 deaths till May 2022† |
7896 |
29131 |
1338 |
835 |
2640 |
11952 |
1966 |
803 |
|
| Data set information |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Year(s) of SPA data |
2018 |
2017 |
2018 |
2017 |
2013 |
2017 |
2016- 2017 |
2015 |
|
| Field data collection timeline |
November 2018 – January 2019 |
August 2017 – September 2017 |
October 2017 – April 2018 |
December 2017 – May 2018 |
June 2013 – February 2014 |
April 2015 – November 2015 |
March 2016 – November 2016, and March 2017 – December 2017 |
October 2014 – March 2015 |
|
| Number of facilities surveyed |
142 |
1524 |
1380 |
1007 |
977 |
963 |
767 |
1188 |
|
| Sample or census |
Sample |
Sample |
Sample |
Census |
Census |
Sample |
Sample |
Sample |
|
| Facility type |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hospital |
66 (46.30) |
80 (5.28) |
136 (9.82) |
131 (12.98) |
113 (11.53) |
91 (9.49) |
31 (4.03) |
46 (3.9) |
694 (8.73) |
| Health centres/clinic |
76 (53.70) |
1444 (94.72) |
1244 (90.18) |
876 (87.02) |
864 (88.47) |
872 (90.51) |
736 (95.97) |
1142 (96.1) |
7254 (91.27) |
| Managing authority (ownership of facility) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Public |
23 (15.96) |
1418 (93.02) |
|
|
844 (61.19) |
344 (34.12) |
472 (48.34) |
871 (90.42) |
5427(68.28) |
| Private |
119 (84.04) |
106 (6.98) |
536 (38.81) |
663 (65.88) |
507 (51.66) |
92 (9.58) |
169 (22.03) |
331 (27.85) |
2521 (31.72) |
| Facility location |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Urban |
N/A |
108 (7.09) |
306 (22.2) |
377 (37.49) |
303 (31.01) |
N/A |
312 (40.62) |
324 (27.27) |
1872 (23.55) |
| Rural | N/A | 1416 (92.91) | 1074 (77.8) | 630 (62.51) | 674 (68.99) | N/A | 455 (59.38) | 864 (72.73) | 5113 (64.34) |
CHS – current health spending, EHS – external health spending, GDP – gross domestic product, OOPS – out-of-pocket spending, SPA – service provision assessment, USD – US dollar
*For nearest available year to service provision assessment year.
†Source: World Bank Global Development indicator [14,15].
‡Source: WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard [16].
§Excluding small private facilities, the data came from a sample considered representative of the country's health care system.
‖In Senegal, a continuous SPA was conducted starting in 2021. The SPA sampling is designed so that sampling fractions were 20% for health posts, 50% for hospitals and health centres each year; as a result, we included two waves of data to obtain a sample comparable to other nationally representative SPA surveys that include all hospitals and a fraction of lower level facilities [17]. A subsample of health huts (case de santé) was included in this survey. The approach used to pick health huts, on the other hand, was different, and their chances of being chosen were determined by the health posts with which they were linked. The current study does not include health huts. Data came from a sample considered representative of the country's health care system.