Table 1.
Soybean forms as substitute for fishmeal in diet of different fish species.
| Fish Species |
Soybean Forms | Tested inclusion levels |
Duration | Optimum inclusion Level |
Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pacific fat sleeper (Dormitator latifron) | Soybean meal (SBM) | 0, 40, 70, & 100% | 60 days | 100% | No significant difference in WG, SGR, SR up to 100% ↑ADC, Crude protein & lipid up to 100 % ↓Feeding cost |
[155] |
| African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) | Fermented soy pulp (FSP) | 0, 25, 50, 75 & 100 % | 70 days | 50% | ↑ WG, SGR, RBC, LYM, LAB, TB up to 50% ↑ALB, GLOB, TP ↑FCR = ↑ FSP |
[156] |
| Crussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio♀) × Common carp (Cyprinus carpio♂) | SBM | 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 & 100 % |
60 days | <38.52–41.81% | ↑WG, SGR up to optimum level ↓HF, HMV, Digestive enzyme activity = ↑SBM ↑Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria & Actinobacteria ↓Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes |
[157] |
| Obscure puffer (Takifugu obscurus) | Dehulled & defatted SBM + lysine, methionine, & taurine |
0, 15, 30, 45, 60 & 75% |
56 days | 40% | ↓ RBC, hemoglobin, methemoglobin, whole body lipid content ∞ ↑ SBM ↑ ALT & AST activity ↓GSH-Px & CAT activity |
[26] |
| Amberjack (Seriola dumerili) | SBM + inosine | 0, 25, 50 & 75% with or without inosine at 0.6% | 56 days | 50–75% | Inosine improve SBM utilization, innate immune responses, gut morphology & stress resistance against low salinity exposure TSP, ACH50, LA, BA, PA ↑ with inosine |
[25] |
| Rice field eel (Monopterus albus) | Soy protein concentrate (SPC) | 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 & 75% | 56 days | 26% | WG & FI ↓, FCR↑ over optimum level Improvement in T-AOC, SLP, digestive enzyme activity & alteration in growth-related genes expression pattern in skeletal muscle |
[158] |
| Crucian Carp (C. auratus) | Fermented soybean meal (FSM) | 0, 20, 40, 60 & 80% | 56 days | 40% | Serum T-AOC, POD & IgM ↑ upto 40% Significant differences in the midgut & hindgut microbiota |
[23] |
| Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) | FSM | Control, 75, 150, 225 & 300 g/kg | 56 days | 150 g/kg | ↓WG, T-AOC, SOD, lipid & protein retention over optimum level ↑ FCR Gut Cetobacterium↓ & Mycoplasma↑ over 150 g/kg ↑ resistance against bacterial infection |
[24] |
| Hybrid Snakehead (Channa argus × Ch. Maculate) | FSM | 0, 72, 144, 216 & 288 g/kg | 60 days | 50 g/kg of FM replaced by FSM | WG & SGR ↓, FCR↑ ADCDM, ADCCP, PER, TC, intestinal muscle thickness & villus height decrease |
[159] |
| Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicas) | Conventional SBM + functional additives (FAS) | Control, 30% SBM without and with 0.0665% FAS | 105 days | – | Growth, immunity, T-AOC & disease resistance ↓ at 50% FM replacement FAS ↑ antioxidant capacity & regulate gut microbiota |
[27] |
| Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) | Extruded full-fat soybean (EFS) | 0, 10, 20, & 30% | 60 days | 20% | Serum LDL & TC, ADCCP, ADCDM, & gut probiotics reduced over 20% Water ammonia & nitrogen discharge, TSS, & fine solid accumulation increased over 20% |
[160] |
| South American Catfish (Rhamdia quelen) | FSM | 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28% | 56 days | 21% | ↓ Vibrionaceae intestinal pathogenic bacteria up to 20 % No significant impact on gut lactic & heterotrophic bacteria concentrations, gut morphology & enzymatic activities |
[22] |
| Turbot (S. maximus L.) | SBM or L. acidophilus-fermented SBM (LASM) | Control, SBM, LASBM |
56 days | 45% SFM + 1 × 108 CFU g−1 (L. acidophilus) | SBM = ↓growth, ↓ activities of intestinal digestive & immune-related enzymes LASM = ↓ SM-induced negative effects on growth performance, morphology & microbiota, immune-related & digestive enzymes |
[13] |
| Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | Enzymatically hydrolyzed SM (ESM) + amino acid methionine & lysine (Met + Lys) + bile acid | Control, 45% ESM, E + A = ESM+0.76% (Met + Lys), E + B = ESM 0.02% bile acid, & E + AB = ESM + 0.76% (Met + Lys)+ 0.02% bile acid |
56 days | – | ESM = ↓growth performance, ↑ liver health problem, ↓ lipid & SFA & ↑ protein load in muscle E + A = ↑growth performance, pepsin activity & fillet protein content E + B = ↓ growth & protease activity, ↑ amylase activity, ↑ SFA, MUFA & PUFA, ↑ lipid utilization E + AB = ↑ liver health |
[161] |
Abbreviations: ACH50: Alternative complement pathways, ADC: Apparent digestibility coefficient, ADCCP: Apparent digestibility coefficient of crude protein, ADCDM: Apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter, ALB: Albumin, ALT: Alanine aminotransferase, AST: Aspartate aminotransferase, BA: Bactericidal activity, CAT: Catalase, FCR: Food conversion ratio, GLOB: Globulin, GSH-Px: Glutathione, HF: Height of fold (hindgut), HMV: Height of microvillus (hindgut), IgM: Immunoglobulin M,LA: Lysozyme activity, LAB: Lactic bacteria, LDL: Low density lipoprotein, LYM: Lymphocytosis, MUFA: Monounsaturated fatty acids, PA: Peroxidase activity, PER: Protein efficiency ratio, POD: Peroxidase, PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acids, RBC: Red Blood Cell, SFA: Saturated fatty acids, SGR: Specific growth rate, SLP: Serum lipid profile, SOD: Superoxide dismutase, T-AOC: Total antioxidant capacity, TB: Total bacteria, TC: Total cholesterol, TP: Total protein, TSP: Total serum protein, TSS: Total suspended solid, WG: Weight gain.