Table 10.
Almond meal as substitute for fishmeal in diet of different fish species.
| Fish species | Almond forms | Tested inclusion levels | Duration | Optimum inclusion Level |
Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) | Almond leaf meal | 0, 25, 50, 75 & 100% | 70 days | 25–100% | ↑ WG, SGR, FCR ↑ survival against Salmonella typhi |
[204] |
| Rohu (L. rohita) | Almond meal | 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 & 100% | 70 days | 40% | Significant ↑ in FGR, nutrient digestibility & hematology up to 40% Hb & RBCs ↓ over 40% |
[205] |
| Snakehead (Ch. striata) | Almond leaf powder | 0, 0.25, 0.50 & 0.75 g L-1 | 40 days | 0.50 g/L | ↑ survival, SGR, FCR, PER Normal hematological & physiochemical parameters up to 0.5 g/L | [206] |
| Leaf fish (Monocirrhus polyacanthu | Almond leaf extract | 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 & 1.25 g/L | 15 days | 0.75 g/L | ↓Mortality & ↑ growth performance ↑WG, SGR, length, survival up to 0.75 g/L ↑water quality parameters value |
[114] |
| African catfish (C. gariepinus) | Roasted tropical almond meal | 0, 25, 50, 75 & 100% | 105 days | 75% | ↑WG, ↑SGR, ↓ FCR at 75% ↓WG, ↓SGR & ↑FCR at 100% Economic depression over 75% |
[109] |
| Cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi) | Tropical Almond leaves |
0, 0.5, 1.5 & 2.5 g/L | _ | 0.5–1.5 g/L | ↑WG, length, survival (100%) | [115] |
Abbreviations: FCR: Feed conversion ratio, FGR: Fish growth response, Hb: Hemoglobin, PER: Protein efficiency ratio, RBCs: Red blood cells, SGR: Specific growth rate, WG: Weight gain.