Table 13.

Rice as substitute for fishmeal in diet of different fish species.

Fish species	Rice forms	Tested Inclusion levels	Duration	Optimum inclusion Level	Effects	Reference
Nile tilapia (O. niloticus)	Rice protein concentrate	0, 25, 50 & 75%	5 months	25%	↓Antioxidant capacity & immune indices over 25 % ↑mRNA levels of intestinal cytokines at 25% ↓ Gut microbial diversity ↑ Immunocompetence & disease resistance	[132]
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)	Enzymatic rice protein	0, 2.5, 5.0 & 7.5%	56 days	2.5 %	Improved intestinal morphology & digestion at 2.5% Upset gut microbiota equilibrium, results in damage to gut mucosa & inflammation at 7.5%	[215]
Hybrid groupers (E. fuscoguttatus ♀× E. lanceolatus♂)	Fermented rice protein (FRP)	10, 30 & 50 %	56 days	10%	↑Activities of intestinal digestive enzymes & brush border enzymes by FRP ↓Expression of immune-related genes & relative abundance of Enterococcus & Bacteroides	[216]
Silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)	Rice ethanol distillery residue	0, 25 & 50%	60 days	_	Reduced final growth, deposition of body protein & increased free liver amino acids	[217]
Red Seabream (P. major)	Rice Distillers Dried Grain	0, 5, 10, 15, 20 & 25%	70 days	25%	No negative effects on overall body performance	[218]
Rohu (L. rohita)	De-oiled rice bran	0, 20, 30, 40, 50 & 60%	60 days	40%	Significant effect on digestive, metabolic enzyme activities & haematological parameters High oxidative stress activity at 60% increased metabolic activity & immune responses upto 40%	[219]