Table 2.
Cottonseed forms as substitute for fishmeal in diet of different fish species.
| Fish Species | Cottonseed Forms |
Tested Inclusion levels |
Duration | Optimum inclusion Level |
Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Largemouth bass (M. salmoides) | Cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) | 0, 15, 30, 45 & 70% |
84 days | 45% or 385.0 g/kg | WG↓, FCR↑, flesh composition & texture↓ over 45% ↓Serum glucose, TGC, TP at 70% Lower serum cholesterol content in all CPC levels |
[31] |
| Rainbow trout (O. mykiss) | Concentrated dephenolization cottonseed protein | 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 & 50 % |
56 days | 10–50% | At 10–50%, no negative impacts on growth performance, body composition, gut histomorphology, antioxidant & hematological indices ↑AOC at 30–50% |
[32] |
| Silver sillago (Sillago sihama Forsskál) | Low-gossypol cottonseed meal (LCSM) + AA (methionine & lysine) | 0,16, 32, 48 & 64 % |
56 days | 16% | WG& SGR ↑ up to 16% ↑expression of intestinal t TNF-α, NF-κB & IL-1β but ↓ZO-1, TGF-β3, IL-10 expression LCSM↑ = intestinal amylase activity↑ but intestinal trypsin activity ↓ & morphological damage to mid gut occur |
[30] |
| Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) | CSM + exogenous protease | FM: CSM = 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, All three diets without or with 2500 U protease per kg diet |
84 days | First & second group with protease | Protease improve growth performance, nutrient assimilation, & hematological indices Change in gene expression of GH & IGF-I Improve physiological indices |
[162] |
| Southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) | Genetically improved (GI) (glandless) & Genetically modified low-gossypol (GMO) CSM |
0%, 50, 75 & 100% FM protein replace by GI or GMO-CSM protein, 100% R-CSM | 56 days | 75% GI or GMO-CSM | No effect on entire body omega-3 PUFAs, or liver gossypol up to 75% No adverse effect on body composition & growth performance up to 75% |
[163] |
| Rohu (Labeo rohita) | Acidified phytase + CSM | 0, 25, 50 & 75% with citric acid 0 & 2.5% & phytase 0 & 750 FTU/kg |
84 days | 50% with CA; 2.5%, PHY; 750 FTU/kg |
Highest WG, SGR, FCR, crude protein & fat at optimum level Improvement in growth & body composition |
[164] |
| Golden Pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) | CSM | 0,20,40 & 60% | 42 days | 20% | Up to 20% no impact on muscle proximate composition & free EAA concentration Over 20% impaired glucose metabolism & muscle nutritive metabolism disorders |
[165] |
| Turbot (S. maximus L.) | Low-gossypol CSM |
0, 15, 25, 35 & 45% |
56 days | 35% | At 45% FER↓, PER↓, plasma glucose & cholesterol ↓, intestinal villi height ↓ ADCs of dry matter, crude protein & lysine ↓ |
[166] |
| Snubnose pompano (T. ovatus) | CSM + lysine & methionine |
0, 25, 50, 75 & 100 % |
70 days | 100% | No negative impact on growth, metabolism, and general health at total replacement | [33] |
| Largemouth bass (M. salmoides) | CPC + yeast based paraprobiotic | Control, 23.5% CPC & 23.5% CPC +800 mg/kg yeast-based paraprobiotic |
65 days | 40% with yeast-based paraprobiotic | Improved growth performance Regulation in intestinal barrier & peptide transport related functions MsYF improve intestinal health by altering intestinal permeability, microbiota & inflammatory environment | [34] |
| Pearl gentian groupers (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂) | CPC | 0 (FM, control), 10, 30 & 50 % | 56 days | 50% | No significant impact on WG, SGR, FCR, SR At 50% body lipid content ↑ Changes in genes related to hepatic lipid metabolism & enzyme activity |
[167] |
| Black sea bream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) | Fermented cottonseed meal (FCM) | 0, 80, 160 & 240 g kg−1 |
56 days | 16% | ↓ SGR, WG, PPV, PER, & hepatosomatic index ↑ FCR, ADCDM ↓ADCs of dietary protein and lipid |
[168] |
Abbreviations: AA: Amino acids, ADC: Apparent digestibility coefficient, AOC: Antioxidant capacity, EAA: Essential amino acid, FA: Fatty acid, FCR: Feed conversion ratio, FER: Feed efficiency ratio, GH: Growth hormone, IGF-I: Insulin like growth factor I, IL-10: Interleukin 10, IL-1β: Interleukin one beta, MsYF: Multi-strain yeast fractions, NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, PER: Protein efficiency ratio, PPV: Protein productive value, PUFAs: Polyunsaturated fatty acids, SGR: Specific growth rate, SR: Survival rate, TGC: Triglycerides, TGF-β3: Transforming growth factor beta-3, TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α, TP: Total protein, WG: Weight gain, ZO-1: Tight junction proteins ZO-1.