Table 2.

Representative studies of proactive intervention of animals on the bioeffects of EMR

EMR Frequency	Dose of EMR	Modulation pattern	Exposure duration	Animals	Bioeffect of EMR	Reference
Static electric field	∼100 V/m	–	–	Bumblebees	Preference in binary choice	Clarke77
Static magnetic field	1-50 μT			Drosophila	Preference in binary choice	Gegear, and Gegear et al. 47,48
	500 μT				Disruption of climbing	Fedele et al. 49
	0, 90, 220, 300, 500 μT				No magnetosensing behavior	Bassetto et al. 50
	44-189 μT			Pigeons	Preference in binary choice	Mora et al. 88
	45 μT (Geomagnetic level), 200 μT		0-72 h	Planarians	Decreased blastema sizes	Van Huizen et al. 46
Static/60 Hz/Static +60 Hz magnetic field	DC: 51.1, 78.4 μT AC: peak 1.0–80.0 μT	–	12 days		Regeneration anomalies with tumor-like protuberances	Jenrow et al. 41
AC magnetic field: FM: 0.4–167 Hz GM: 0.065–500 Hz	FM: 0.1–2.5 μT GM: 0.5–5 μT	FM: frequency-modulated pulses GM: wideband pulses	6.5 h/day FM for 1–5 days, 6.5 h/day GM for 1–5 days		Dissolution of planarian	Murugan et al. 44
50 Hz magnetic field	400 μT	Sinusoidal	24 h/day for 60 days	Rats	Improved the cognitive and pathological symptoms of AD	Liu, and Zuo 58,66
	2.4 mT		2 h		Altered brain lipid profile	Martínez-Sámano et al. 67
	1.6 mT		2-48 h	Honeybees	Altered structure of chemical compounds	Koziorowska et al. 78
Static magnetic field + 0.65/1.315/2.63 MHz	DC: 46, 92 μT, EMR: 5, 15, 48, 150 nT		–	European robins	Disorientation of flight	Ritz et al. 82
50 kHz - 5 MHz	Peak intensity 0.1–50 nT	Wideband noise				Engels et al. 83
200 kHz	2 V/cm	Sinusoidal	6 days	Mice	Inhibited growth of tumors	Kirson et al. 54
900 MHz	90 mW/kg		12 h/day for 7 days		DNA damage in sperm	Aitken et al. 53
	0.9 W/kg	GSM	2 h/day for 35 days	Rats	Altered sperm cells	Kesari et al. 55
	1 ± 0.4 mW/cm2 SAR 2 W/kg	Sinusoidal	1 h/day for 21 days during the gestation period		Neuronal damage in hippocampus	Erdem Koç et al. 61
	1 ± 0.4 mW/cm2 SAR 2 W/kg	Sinusoidal	1 h/day between GD 1 to the end of gestation		Increased total kidney volume; decreased the numbers of glomeruli	Ulubay et al. 57
915 MHz	Continuous wave: 3 W Pulse: 1–10 W	Sinusoidal, 8-215 Hz pulse modulation	2 h		Increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier	Persson et al. 52
900 MHz	4.5–13.4 V/m; SAR: 0.01 W/kg	Sinusoidal	1 h/day for 25 days		Altered cerebellar morphology & reduced number of neurons	Aslan et al. 62
	SAR: 1.5, 3.0, 6.0 W/kg	GSM, CDMA; cycle of 10-min on and 10-min off	18 h/day from prenatal life to 106 weeks after birth		Increased incidences of Schwannomas and Schwann cells hyperplasia, and malignant glial tumors	Wyde et al. 65
1.8 GHz	0, 5, 25, 50 V/m SAR: 0.1, 0.03, 0.001 W/kg	GSM	19 h/day from prenatal life to natural death			Falcioni et al. 64
900 MHz	0.25, 0.5 W/kg	GSM	45 min/day 5 days/week from postnatal day 35 to natural death		No significant difference	Ouadah et al. 69
1.9 GHz	3.2 V/m	DECT	24 h/day for 8 weeks	Lizards	Suppressed inflammatory responses	Mina et al. 101
2.4 GHz	8 W	Sinusoidal, 100 Hz pulse modulation	1-9 days	Mice	Increased time of wakefulness	Liu et al. 70
2.45 GHz	–	Wi-Fi	24 h/day for 10 weeks	Rats	Altered oxidative defense system	Kamali et al. 68
			2 h/day along gestation till parturition		Behavioral and biochemical impairments	Othman et al. 63
1.8 GHz, 1.9 GHz, 2.4 GHz	GSM: 5.53 V/m – 50 nT; DECT: 3.75 V/m; Wi-Fi: 2.1 V/m	GSM, DECT, Wi-Fi	0.5, 1, 3, 6, 24 h	C. elegance	No statistically significant differences	Fasseas et al. 36