Table 4.

The biochemical and molecular studies of the bioeffects of EMR

EMR Frequency	Dose of EMR	Modulation pattern	Exposure duration	Target molecules	Bioeffect of EMR	Reference
10-50 Hz	15–18.5 mT	Sinusoidal	2, 4, 6, 8 h	Laccase	Increase activity and shift in optimum pH	Wasak et al. 191
50, 100 Hz	50 Hz: 2.7 mT; 100 Hz: 5.5 mT.	Sinusoidal	5 min	Horseradish peroxidase (HRP)	50 Hz decreases the maximum rate and catalytic efficiency of HRP	Caliga et al. 194
50-400 Hz	1 mT	Sinusoidal	1, 2, 3, 4 h	Horseradish peroxidase (POD)	Distinctly affect the catalytic activity of soluble or insoluble POD	Portaccio et al. 136
75 Hz	2.5 mT	Square wave	20 min	Alkaline phosphatase, acetylcholinesterase, phosphoglycerate kinase	Decreased activities of these membrane-associated enzymes	Morelli et al. 193
500, 900 MHz	0.01, 0.1, 1 μW	Sinusoidal	5 min	L-Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)	Increase the bioactivity of LDH	Pirogova et al. 192
0.1, 1, 1.9 GHz	Up to 5 kV/m 0.3 kV/m	Sinusoidal GSM	Real-time	The thermosensor protein GrpE	No effect of EMR on conformation of GrpE	Beyer et al. 195