Table 4.

Stratified analysis on associations between long-term exposure to neighborhood greenness and incident hypertension in Taiwanese adults ($N=\mathrm{442,435}$).

Subgroup	Cases/participants	HR (95% CI)	$p_{\text{interaction}}$
Age (y)
$<65$	13,240/123,209	0.76 (0.65, 0.88)	0.48
$\ge 65$	863/2,328	0.84 (0.50, 1.41)
Sex
Male	9,108/61,076	0.72 (0.60, 0.86)	$<0.001$
Female	4,995/64,461	0.89 (0.71, 1.12)
Education
$<\text{High\hspace{0.17em}school}$	2,960/11,992	1.09 (0.82, 1.44)	0.02
$\ge \text{High\hspace{0.17em}school}$	11,143/113,545	0.69 (0.59, 0.82)
Smoking status
Never	9,809/94,743	0.80 (0.67, 0.94)	0.08
Ever/current	4,294/30,794	0.69 (0.54, 0.89)
Alcohol consumption
Seldom	11,337/109,103	0.79 (0.68, 0.92)	0.09
Occasional/regular	2,766/16,434	0.68 (0.50, 0.93)
BMI (${\mathrm{kg}/\mathrm{m}}^2$)
$<25$	8,282/98,593	0.80 (0.67, 0.96)	0.06
$\ge 25$	5,821/26,944	0.74 (0.60, 0.93)
PE ($\text{MET-h}/\text{week}$)
$<3.75$	6,192/62,933	0.69 (0.56, 0.85)	0.41
$\ge 3.75$	7,911/62,604	0.81 (0.67, 0.98)
${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$ (${\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)
$<23.7$	6,923/61,099	0.76 (0.64, 0.90)	0.81
$\ge 23.7$	7,180/64,438	0.72 (0.56, 0.92)

Note: Neighborhood greenness was estimated as the 2-y average value of the NDVI within a $500\text{-m}$ (continuous). Time-varying Cox regression model was used. All models were adjusted for age (except for in age-stratified analyses), sex (except for in sex-stratified analyses), marital status, education status (except for in education level-stratified analyses), smoking status (except for in smoking-stratified analyses), alcohol consumption (except for in drinking-stratified analyses), fruit intake, vegetable intake, occupational exposure, physical labor during work, season, year of enrollment, diabetes, dyslipidemia, self-reported cardiovascular disease, and self-reported cancer. Data are complete for all variables. BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; NDVI, normalized difference vegetation index; PE, physical exercise (leisure-time); ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of $\le 2.5\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{m}$. $p<0.05$ was considered statistically significant.