TABLE 4.

Phosphorylation events regulating mitochondrial ROS. FOXO3a, forkhead factor of the O class 3a; GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta; MST1, Ste20-like kinases; NRF2, nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2; UCP2, Uncoupling protein 2; PGC-1α, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha.

Target	Phospho site	Kinase	Associated outcome
NRF2	S334, S338	GSK3β	Inhibition of NRF2 nuclear import
GSK3β	S9	AKT	Suppression of GSK3β-driven inhibition of NRF2 nuclear import
FOXO3a	S207	MST1	Induction of nuclear translocation and subsequent cell death
FOXO3	S413, S588	AMPK	Increased transcriptional activity and subsequent expression of UCP2 and PGC1alpha
FOXO1	S22	AMPK	Decreased binding to 14-3-3 proteins
FOXO1	S383, T649	AMPK	Increased transcriptional activity