Fig. 7.

Alcohol’s effects on cell signaling pathways involved in mammary tumorigenesis and aggressiveness. Adolescent and adult MMTV-Wnt1 mice received alcohol exposure chronically through liquid diet as described above. When tumor size reached 20 mm, mice were sacrificed, tumor tissues were isolated, and protein was extracted. A. The expression of phosphorylated/total p38γ MAPK or p21 Activated Kinases 1 (PAK1) was examined in Western blots. B. The amount of p-p38γ MAPK, p38γ MAPK, p-PAK1 or PAK1 were determined, normalized to the actin. n = 7 for each group. * significant difference from controls, p < 0.05.