Table 5.

In vitro effect of Th-1, -2, and -17 cytokines on MMP expression

	In vivo		In vitro
	Pro-/anti-fibrotic	Expression in intestinal fibrosis	mRNA	Protein
Th-1 cytokines
IFN-γ	Anti-fibrotic		↑ MMP-1; ↔ MMP-9 and TIMP-1
TNF-α	Pro-fibrotic		↑ MMP-1; ↔ MMP-9 and TIMP-1	↑ MMP-1
Th-2 cytokines
IL-4	Pro-fibrotic	Not studied	↑ MMP-1; ↓ MMP-9
IL-13	Pro-fibrotic	↑ muscle	↔ MMP-1; ↓ MMP-9	↓ MMP-1 and -2
Th-17 cytokines
IL-17A	Pro-fibrotic	↑ muscle	↑ MMP-1; ↔ MMP-9 and TIMP-1	↑ MMP-1, -3, and -12 and TIMP-1
IL-22	Pro-fibrotic		↔ MMP-1 and -9 and TIMP-1
IL-23	Pro-fibrotic		↑ MMP-1 and -9 and TIMP-1
Treg
IL-10	Anti-fibrotic	Not studied	↑ MMP-1; ↔ TIMP-1

↑ = increased expression compared to control.

↓ = decreased expression compared to control.

↔ = similar expression compared to control.