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. 2023 Sep 6;147(3):858–870. doi: 10.1093/brain/awad297

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Cross-trait enrichment between Parkinson’s disease and sex-specific traits. (A) The reverse stratified quantile-quantile (Q-Q) plots show successive increments for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) enrichment for [A(i)] age at menarche and [A(ii)] age at menopause conditional on SNP associations with Parkinson’s disease. Conditional Q-Q plots of nominal versus empirical −log10 P-values (corrected for inflation) in Parkinson’s disease below the genome-wide association study (GWAS) threshold of P < 5 × 10−8 as a function of significance of association with the sex-specific traits, at the level of P < 0.1, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001. The blue lines indicate all SNPs. The dashed lines indicate the null hypothesis. (B) The stratified Q-Q plots show successive increments for SNP enrichment for Parkinson’s disease conditional on SNP associations with [B(i)] age at menarche and [B(ii)] age at menopause. Conditional Q-Q plots of nominal versus empirical −log10 P-values (corrected for inflation) in Parkinson’s disease below the GWAS threshold of P < 5 × 10−8 as a function of significance of association with sex-specific traits at the level of P < 0.1, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001.