Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of Parkinson’s disease and control groups
| – | Control | PD | P-value | PD low dementia risk | PD high dementia risk | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample size | 19 | 31 | – | 15 | 16 | – |
| Sex, % male | 58% | 63% | 0.886 | 60% | 75% | 0.67 |
| Age at first visit, years | 65.6 (7.6) [55–77] | 67.3 (7.4) [52–79] | 0.277 | 66.7 (7.8) [54–79] | 67.8 (7.6) [52–79] | 0.68 |
| Disease duration, years (time from diagnosis to study recruitment/first visit) | – | 1.0 (0.6) [0.3–2.3] | – | 1.3 (0.7) [0.3–2.3] | 0.8 (0.4) [0.3–1.6] | 0.015* |
| ACE-III total | 96.7 (2.7) [88–100] | 92.2 (4.8) [82–100] | <0.001*** | 94.0 (4.3) [85–100] | 90.4 (4.7) [82–96] | 0.041* |
| Pentagon copying | 2.0 (0) | 1.97 (0.18) | 0.364 | 2.0 (0) | 1.9 (0.3) | 0.329 |
| Semantic fluency score, 90 s | 27.8 (4.6) [19–36] | 25.0 (9.7) [13–51] | 0.820 | 32.3 (8.5) [24–51] | 18.1 (4.0) [13–30] | <0.001*** |
| MDS-UPDRS motor | 1.05 (1.5) [0–5] | 28.4 (10.6) [10–46] | 0.001*** | 24.4 (9.7) [10–43] | 32.2 (10.3) [10–46] | 0.045* |
| MDS-UPDRS total | – | 47.7 (16.0) [22–81] | – | 40.9 (14.9) [22–64] | 54.0 (16.9) [23–81] | 0.024* |
| Levodopa-equivalent daily dose, mg | – | 271 (160) | – | 248 (134) | 293 (183) | 0.55 |
| BDI | 4.1 (5.7) [0–24] | 6.0 (4.9) [0–19] | 0.228 | 5.5 (5.5) [0–19] | 6.4 (4.4) [0–15] | 0.641 |
Continuous variables were compared using t-test or Mann–Whitney U-test (for parametric and non-parametric data, respectively). Categorical variables were compared using chi-square test. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) [range]. ACE-III = Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination III; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; MDS-UPDRS = Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; PD = Parkinson’s disease.
*P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001.