Figure 1.

PKC isozymes and signal transduction. PKCs are classified into classical/conventional, novel, and atypical based on their distinctive biochemical and structural properties. Cell surface receptors or drugs can trigger the activation of discrete PKCs, which phosphorylate many cellular effectors, including signal transduction proteins that impact nuclear function. BCR, B cell receptor; GPCR, G protein–coupled receptor; RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase; TCR, T cell receptor; TLR, toll-like receptor.