Fig. 3.

Distinctiveness of brain fingerprints (feature attribution maps) underlying sex differences in the HCP (A), NKI-RS (B), and MPI Leipzig (C) cohorts. The T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) plot of individual fingerprints (feature attribution maps) from the trained HCP session 1 stDNN model demonstrates distinct clustering of males and female brain fingerprints across the three cohorts. Violin and box plots of similarity between individual fingerprints and group-level fingerprints from the trained HCP session 1 stDNN model demonstrate that individual fingerprints are more similar to the group-level fingerprints of the same sex across the three cohorts. ***P < 0.001.