Table 2.
Clinical characteristics in each group of patients with diabetes
| Severity of DR | NDR | NPDR | PDR | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 30 | 24 | 29 | |
| Age (years) | 58.0 ± 9.4 | 59.7 ± 7.3 | 56.4 ± 9.0 | 0.46 |
| Sex (M/F) | 20/10 | 14/10 | 16/13 | 0.64 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.04 ± 0.98 | 7.65 ± 1.47 | 7.73 ± 1.84 | 0.28 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 53.4 ± 10.6 | 60.1 ± 16.1 | 61.0 ± 20.1 | 0.28 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 4.0 | 26.2 ± 5.5 | 26.5 ± 4.4 | 0.77 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 127.0 ± 13.6 | 136.8 ± 24.2 | 139.4 ± 19.5 | 0.02 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80.6 ± 12.0 | 82.0 ± 12.1 | 83.7 ± 12.5 | 0.64 |
| HT (n, %) | 18, 60.0 | 19, 79.2 | 22, 75.9 | 0.33 |
| DL (n, %) | 17, 56.7 | 17, 70.8 | 14, 48.3 | 0.25 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 193.4 ± 28.9 | 187.4 ± 34.9 | 205.0 ± 64.6 | 0.74 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 55.0 ± 15.9 | 51.9 ± 12.9 | 51.9 ± 12.3 | 0.58 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 109.9 ± 26.2 | 102.0 ± 30.7 | 122.2 ± 49.9 | 0.42 |
| TG (mg/dl) | 165.9 ± 85.0 | 156.2 ± 112.8 | 143.0 ± 84.5 | 0.41 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 75.6 ± 22.7 | 63.6 ± 23.5 | 56.2 ± 24.9 | 0.004 |
| Glaucoma (n, %) | 1, 3.3 | 2, 8.3 | 3, 10.3 | 0.56 |
| NC parameters | ||||
| Number | 4.73 ± 1.36 | 4.33 ± 1.77 | 3.66 ± 1.44 | 0.02 |
| Length (µm) | 1183 ± 556 | 546 ± 479 | 538 ± 384 | < 0.001 |
| Width (µm) | 28.7 ± 8.4 | 21.3 ± 7.6 | 20.3 ± 6.4 | < 0.001 |
| Turbidity | 0.449 ± 0.138 | 0.291 ± 0.157 | 0.308 ± 0.141 | < 0.001 |
HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HT, Hypertension; DL, Dyslipidemia; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TG, triglyceride; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NC, nailfold capillary; DR, diabetic retinopathy; NDR, non-diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR, proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Differences between groups were tested with the Kruskal-Wallis test. The chi-square test was used for frequency data on sex, HT, DL, and glaucoma. Differences were considered significant at the P < 0.05 level