Table 2.
Multivariable logistic regression analysis of possible risk factors for the postoperative development of acute kidney disease after 7 days
| Variable | OR (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 0.006 (0.003, 0.011) | < 0.001 |
| Sex (male vs. female) | 0.45 (0.38, 0.52) | < 0.001 |
| Age (year) | 1.05 (1.04, 1.06) | < 0.001 |
| UN geoscheme | ||
| Africa vs. Europe | 0.87 (0.60, 1.23) | 0.436 |
| Asia vs. Europe | 0.62 (0.42, 0.91) | 0.017 |
| North America vs. Europe | 1.56 (0.64, 3.98) | 0.338 |
| South America vs. Europe | 0.65 (0.28, 1.37) | 0.288 |
| Health expenditure | ||
| Medium vs. low | 0.67 (0.46, 0.95) | 0.030 |
| High vs. low | 0.43 (0.28, 0.66) | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities (yes vs. no) | ||
| Hypertension | 1.32 (1.11, 1.58) | 0.002 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.44 (1.14, 1.79) | 0.002 |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 1.25 (1.02, 1.54) | 0.034 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1.30 (1.02, 1.65) | 0.030 |
| Surgery urgency (emergency vs. elective) | 1.73 (1.19, 2.47) | 0.003 |
| Surgical variables | ||
| Type of surgery | ||
| Cardiac vs. abdominal | 1.24 (1.00, 1.54) | 0.047 |
| Gynecological vs. abdominal | 0.74 (0.45, 1.15) | 0.202 |
| Neurosurgical vs. abdominal | 0.79 (0.56, 1.10) | 0.178 |
| Orthopedic vs. abdominal | 0.77 (0.53, 1.11) | 0.168 |
| Thoracic vs. abdominal | 1.08 (0.70, 1.61) | 0.9725 |
| Trauma vs. abdominal | 0.72 (0.26, 1.64) | 0.473 |
| Vascular vs. abdominal | 1.31 (0.91, 1.88) | 0.144 |
| Urological vs. abdominal | 3.24 (2.45, 4.26) | < 0.001 |
| Other vs. abdominal | 0.91 (0.58, 1.39) | 0.677 |
| Intraoperative variables | ||
| Nephrotoxic agents (yes vs. no) | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 0.53 (0.30, 0.88) | 0.019 |
| Cyclosporine/tacrolimus | 6.32 (1.65, 21.72) | 0.004 |
| Vancomycin | 2.06 (1.07, 3.87) | 0.027 |
| Complications (yes vs. no) | ||
| Pulmonary complications1 | 0.54 (0.23, 1.13) | 0.132 |
| Transfusion (l) | 1.12 (0.97, 1.30) | 0.108 |
| Postoperative variables | ||
| Blood loss (l) | 1.08 (0.98, 1.18) | 0.093 |
| Nephrotoxic agents (yes vs. no) | ||
| Aminoglycosides | 2.54 (1.31, 4.65) | 0.004 |
| NSAIDs | 0.78 (0.64, 0.94) | 0.011 |
| Vancomycin | 0.58 (0.27, 1.17) | 0.147 |
| Complications (yes vs. no) | ||
| Hemodynamic instability2 | 0.71 (0.54, 0.93) | 0.015 |
| Reoperation | 0.84 (0.55, 1.27) | 0.431 |
| Pneumonia | 2.07 (1.21, 3.41) | 0.006 |
| Early postoperative-AKI (yes vs. no) | 2.64 (2.21, 3.15) | < 0.001 |
Analysis includes 8878/9510 patients. Number of events (AKD): 891
AKI acute kidney injury, NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, OR odds ratio
1Pulmonary complications (e.g., aspiration, bronchospasm)
2Hemodynamic instability was defined as new onset of vasopressor therapy or increase of norepinephrine/epinephrine ≥ 0.02 µg/kg/min