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. 2024 Mar 1;24(1):47. doi: 10.1007/s10238-024-01307-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Changing differentiation pathways of ICOS⁺ RTE Tresps in male SLE remission patients compared to healthy volunteers. The percentages of RTE Tresps and MN Tresps within the naïve ICOS⁺ CD45RA⁺ Tresp pool (A and B) as well as the percentages of MN Tresps and CD31⁻ memory Tresps within the ICOS⁺ CD31⁻ Tresp pool (G and H) were estimated depending on age in male healthy volunteers () and male SLE patients in remission (). The differentiation of ICOS⁺ RTE Tresps was examined by correlating the percentages of RTE Tresps within total naïve CD45RA⁺ Tresp pool with the percentages of Ki67⁺ cells within total RTE Tresps (C), CD31⁺ memory Tresps (D), MN Tresps (E) and CD31⁻ memory Tresps (F). Differentiation of resting MN Tresps was examined by correlating the percentages of MN Tresps within total CD31⁻ Tresp pool with the percentages of Ki67⁺ cells within total MN Tresps (I) and CD31⁻ memory Tresps (J). Significant correlations are marked by black or green p-values. Significant differences in the regression lines between healthy controls and SLE patients in remission are marked by green Δ p-values. Significant age-independently increased or decreased percentages in male remission patients compared to healthy volunteers are marked by an arrow (↑↓) and green underlined p-values. K shows the resulting age-independently not increased differentiation compared to healthy controls (green dotted arrows), as well as the age-dependent differentiation pathways (color-matched thin arrows). In addition, inhibition of certain pathways by immunosuppressive therapy is shown ()

Inline graphic — Changing differentiation pathways of ICOS⁺ RTE Tresps in male SLE remission patients compared to healthy volunteers. The percentages of RTE Tresps and MN Tresps within the naïve ICOS⁺ CD45RA⁺ Tresp pool (A and B) as well as the percentages of MN Tresps and CD31⁻ memory Tresps within the ICOS⁺ CD31⁻ Tresp pool (G and H) were estimated depending on age in male healthy volunteers () and male SLE patients in remission (). The differentiation of ICOS⁺ RTE Tresps was examined by correlating the percentages of RTE Tresps within total naïve CD45RA⁺ Tresp pool with the percentages of Ki67⁺ cells within total RTE Tresps (C), CD31⁺ memory Tresps (D), MN Tresps (E) and CD31⁻ memory Tresps (F). Differentiation of resting MN Tresps was examined by correlating the percentages of MN Tresps within total CD31⁻ Tresp pool with the percentages of Ki67⁺ cells within total MN Tresps (I) and CD31⁻ memory Tresps (J). Significant correlations are marked by black or green p-values. Significant differences in the regression lines between healthy controls and SLE patients in remission are marked by green Δ p-values. Significant age-independently increased or decreased percentages in male remission patients compared to healthy volunteers are marked by an arrow (↑↓) and green underlined p-values. K shows the resulting age-independently not increased differentiation compared to healthy controls (green dotted arrows), as well as the age-dependent differentiation pathways (color-matched thin arrows). In addition, inhibition of certain pathways by immunosuppressive therapy is shown ()