Table 2.

Ethogram of behaviors used to categorize observation sessions into a behavioral context (Richard et al. 2021)

Behavior	Definition
Genital present	Whale stops active forward progress by terminating fluke beating and drifts in the direction of another whale while arching their caudal peduncle so that the genital region is pushed closer to the recipient whale; caudal end of the caudal peduncle is correspondingly angled dorsally; rostrum is often directed toward the recipient whale for some portion of the presentation causing the body to assume an ‘S’ shape; flukes and flippers may be held at various angles to control the drift towards the recipient whale; may result in contact of the genital region with the recipient
Group swim	Two or more whales swim in the same direction at approximately the same velocity for at least 30 s; all whales are within 2 m of at least one other whale in the group; bodies can be aligned or staggered (one whale swims ahead of the other), but one whale may not be completely behind another; body orientation of individuals may vary
Mouthing	A whale contacts another whale with their open mouth
Open mouth	A whale opens mouth wide enough so that the tongue is (or would be) visible