Table 2.
Results of the univariate regression results estimating the association between each neighborhood factor and neighborhood COVID-19 burden for the Northeastern United States
| Northeast | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delaware | Maine | Maryland | New York | Pennsylvania | Rhode Island | Vermont | |
| IRR [95% CI] | IRR [95% CI] | IRR [95% CI] | IRR [95% CI] | IRR [95% CI] | IRR [95% CI] | IRR [95% CI] | |
| Neighborhood characteristic | |||||||
| Neighborhood affluence | |||||||
| Q1 (ref.) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Q2 | 0.98 [0.91–1.06] | 0.96 [0.86–1.06] | 0.96 [0.89–1.03] | 1 [0.97–1.04] | 0.94 [0.85–1.04] | 0.86*** [0.8–0.93] | 1.67 [0.83–3.38] |
| Q3 | 0.95 [0.89–1.02] | 0.91* [0.83–1] | 0.92+ [0.84–1.01] | 1.04 [0.97–1.11] | 0.99 [0.91–1.08] | 0.76*** [0.69–0.83] | 1.39 [0.71–2.71] |
| Q4 (highest affluence) | 0.9* [0.83–0.98] | 0.77*** [0.7–0.85] | 0.83*** [0.78–0.89] | 1.04 [0.96–1.12] | 0.87** [0.8–0.95] | 0.7*** [0.65–0.76] | 0.63 [0.23–1.72] |
| Neighborhood disadvantage | |||||||
| Q1 (ref.) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Q2 | 0.97 [0.93–1.02] | 1.1+ [1–1.21] | 1.12*** [1.05–1.19] | 0.99 [0.9–1.07] | 1.09*** [1.04–1.15] | 1.03 [0.95–1.12] | 1.86 [0.7–4.92] |
| Q3 | 1.02 [0.98–1.06] | 1.16** [1.05–1.29] | 1.21*** [1.1–1.32] | 0.97 [0.88–1.06] | 1.11** [1.04–1.18] | 1.09*** [1.05–1.14] | 2.53+ [0.89–7.14] |
| Q4 (highest disadvantage) | 1.12*** [1.09–1.15] | 1.23*** [1.13–1.35] | 1.26*** [1.19–1.33] | 0.96 [0.87–1.05] | 1.16*** [1.08–1.24] | 1.27*** [1.21–1.34] | 2.86* [1.02–7.98] |
| Neighborhood population density | 1 [1–1] | 1 [1–1] | 1+ [1–1] | 1 [1–1] | 1 [1–1] | 1*** [1–1] | 1 [1–1] |
| Political partisanship (10% increase in votes cast for Republican candidates in 2018 and the six years before) | 1.03*** [1.03–1.04] | 1.12*** [1.08–1.17] | 0.98 [0.96–1] | 1.01 [0.99–1.03] | 1.01 [0.99–1.03] | 0.81+ [0.64–1.02] | 0.71 [0.33–1.55] |
| Rural-urban commuting area codes | |||||||
| Metropolitan (ref.) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Micropolitan | 1.03 [0.98–1.08] | 1.04 [0.92–1.19] | 1.04 [0.83–1.29] | 0.92** [0.86–0.98] | 1.04 [0.95–1.14] | 1 [1–1] | 2.54 [0.65–9.89] |
| Small town | 1.14*** [1.1–1.19] | 1.05 [0.91–1.2] | 1.01 [0.82–1.24] | 0.85*** [0.[0.79–0.92] | 0.89* [0.81–0.98] | 1 [1–1] | 2.29 [0.58–9.1] |
| Rural | 1 [1–1] | 1.01 [0.9–1.13] | 0.98 [0.78–1.23] | 0.76*** [0.7–0.81] | 0.92* [0.85–0.99] | 0.41*** [0.36–0.47] | 1.74 [0.46–6.66] |
+p < 0.10, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.