Table 1.
[26] Summary of the FDA-approved immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Abbreviations; FDA, US Food and Drug Administration, CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4, dMMR, mismatch repair deficient, MSI-H, microsatellite instability-high, PD-1, programmed death-1, PD-L1, programmed death ligand-1, LAG-3, lymphocyte activation gene-3.
| Target | Drug name | Company | Initial approval year | FDA-approved indications | Cardiovascular toxicities |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CTLA-4 | Ipilimumab (Yervoy)[8] | Bristol-Myers Squibb | 2011 | melanoma | arrhythmia |
| renal cell carcinoma | angiopathy | ||||
| MSI-H or dMMR metastatic colorectal cancer | myocarditis | ||||
| hepatocellular carcinoma | pericarditis | ||||
| non-small cell lung cancer (PD-L1≥1) | temporal arteritis | ||||
| malignant pleural mesothelioma | vasculitis | ||||
| esophageal cancer | hypertension | ||||
| hypotension | |||||
| PD-1 | Nivolumab (Opdivo)[9] | Bristol-Myers Squibb | 2014 | melanoma | arrhythmia |
| non-small cell lung cancer | myocarditis | ||||
| malignant pleural mesothelioma | pericarditis | ||||
| renal cell carcinoma | vasculitis | ||||
| classical Hodgkin's lymphoma | hypertension | ||||
| head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | hypotension | ||||
| urothelial carcinoma | cardiovascular failure | ||||
| MSI-H or dMMR metastatic colorectal cancer | myocardial infarction | ||||
| hepatocellular carcinoma | |||||
| esophageal cancer | |||||
| gastric cancer, gastroesophageal junction cancer, and esophageal adenocarcinoma | |||||
| PD-1 | Pembrolizumab (Keytruda)[10] | Merck | 2014 | melanoma | myocarditis |
| non-small cell lung cancer | pericarditis | ||||
| head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | vasculitis | ||||
| classic Hodgkin's lymphoma | cardiac failure | ||||
| primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma | cardiac tamponade | ||||
| urothelial carcinoma | cardiac ischemia | ||||
| MSI-H or dMMR cancer | myocardial infarction | ||||
| MSI-H or dMMR metastatic colorectal cancer | pericardial effusion | ||||
| gastric cancer | pericarditis | ||||
| esophageal cancer | arrhythmia | ||||
| cervical cancer | cardiac arrest | ||||
| hepatocellular carcinoma | hypertension | ||||
| merkel cell carcinoma | |||||
| renal cell carcinoma | |||||
| endometrial carcinoma | |||||
| TMB-high cancer | |||||
| cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma | |||||
| triple-negative breast cancer | |||||
| PD-1 | Cemiplimab (Libtayo)[11] | Regeneron | 2018 | cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma | myocarditis |
| basal cell carcinoma | pericarditis | ||||
| non-small cell lung cancer | vasculitis | ||||
| hypertension | |||||
| PD-1 | Dostarlimab (Jemperli)[12] | GSK | 2021 | dMMR endometrial cancer | myocarditis |
| dMMR solid tumour | pericarditis | ||||
| vasculitis | |||||
| PD-L1 | Atezolizumab (Tecentriq)[13] | Genentech | 2016 | non-small cell lung cancer | myocarditis |
| small cell lung cancer | pericarditis | ||||
| hepatocellular carcinoma | vasculitis | ||||
| melanoma | arrhythmia | ||||
| alveloar soft part sarcoma | acute cardiac failure | ||||
| acute myocardial infarction | |||||
| cardiac arrest | |||||
| myocardial ischemia | |||||
| myocardial infarction | |||||
| ejection fraction decreased | |||||
| electrocardiogram QT prolonged | |||||
| pericardial effusion | |||||
| cardiac tamponade | |||||
| hypertension | |||||
| PD-L1 | Avelumab (Bavencio)[14] | EMD Serono | 2017 | Merkel cell carcinoma | myocardial infarction |
| urothelial carcinoma | congestive heart failure | ||||
| renal cell carcinoma | myocarditis | ||||
| pericarditis | |||||
| vasculitis | |||||
| myocardial infarction | |||||
| hypertension | |||||
| sudden cardiac death | |||||
| PD-L1 | Durvalumab (Imfinzi)[15] | AstraZeneca | 2017 | non-small cell lung cancer | myocarditis |
| small cell lung cancer | pericarditis | ||||
| biliary tract cancer | vasculitis | ||||
| hepatocellular carcinoma | cardiac arrest | ||||
| PD-1+LAG-3 | Relatlimab + Nivolumab (Opdualag)[16] | Bristol-Myers Squibb | 2022 | melanoma | myocarditis |
| pericarditis | |||||
| vasculitis | |||||
| acute myocardial infarction |