Table 4.
Univariable analysis of factors associated with vaccination rejection (only factors that are likely to have a relationship of P < 0.10).
| Factor | Reject (n = 101) | Accept (n = 299) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General information | ||||
| The highest level of education | ||||
| Below bachelor’s degree | 62 (61.4%) | 155 (51.8%) | 1.45 (0.93–2.34) | 0.096 |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 39 (38.6%) | 144 (48.2%) | 1.00 | |
| Reimbursement of medical expenses | ||||
| Direct disbursement | 29 (28.7%) | 73 (24.4%) | 1.67 (0.95–2.94) | 0.050 |
| Social security | 35 (34.7%) | 147 (49.2%) | 1 | |
| Health insurance | 19 (18.8%) | 33 (11.0%) | 2.42 (1.23–4.75) | |
| Other (self-pay, private insurance) | 18 (17.8%) | 46 (15.4%) | 1.64 (0.85–3.17) | |
| History of other vaccinations during pregnancy | ||||
| Influenza | 46 (45.5%) | 108 (36.1%) | 1.48 (0.94–2.34) | 0.092 |
| Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis | 36 (35.6%) | 71 (23.7%) | 1.78 (1.09–2.89) | 0.020 |
| Other | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (0.3%) | 2.98 (0.19–48.09) | 0.442 |
| Have been infected with COVID-19 before pregnancy | 30 (29.7%) | 61 (20.4%) | 1.65 (0.99–2.75) | 0.054 |
| Attitudes about COVID-19 infection | ||||
| You should not be vaccinated against COVID-19 infection during pregnancy | ||||
| Disagree | 12 (11.9%) | 131 (43.8%) | 1 | < 0.001 |
| Unsure | 52 (51.5%) | 127 (42.5%) | 4.47 (2.28–8.77) | |
| Agree | 37 (36.6%) | 41 (13.7%) | 9.85 (4.70–20.64) | |
| People have knowledge and understanding about the COVID-19 vaccine | ||||
| Disagree | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1 | 0.054 |
| Unsure | 32 (31.7%) | 62 (20.7%) | 0.52 (0.03–8.53) | |
| Agree | 68 (67.3%) | 236 (78.9%) | 0.29 (0.02–4.67) | |
| Attitudes about COVID-19 vaccination | ||||
| Vaccines can harm you | ||||
| Disagree | 23 (22.8%) | 130 (43.5%) | 1 | < 0.001 |
| Unsure | 59 (58.4%) | 156 (52.2%) | 2.14 (1.25–3.65) | |
| Agree | 19 (18.8%) | 13 (4.3%) | 8.26 (3.59–19.01) | |
| Vaccines cause harm to unborn babies | ||||
| Disagree | 4 (4.0%) | 65 (21.7%) | 1 | < 0.001 |
| Unsure | 66 (65.3%) | 204 (68.2%) | 5.26 (1.85–14.98) | |
| Agree | 31 (30.7%) | 30 (10.0%) | 16.79 (5.44–51.86) | |
| Vaccines raise your risk of miscarriage | ||||
| Disagree | 10 (9.9%) | 75 (25.1%) | 1 | < 0.001 |
| Unsure | 61 (60.4%) | 197 (65.9%) | 2.32 (1.13–4.77) | |
| Agree | 30 (29.7%) | 27 (9.0%) | 8.33 (3.60–19.30) | |
| Vaccines raise risk of premature birth | ||||
| Disagree | 10 (9.9%) | 75 (25.1%) | 1 | < 0.001 |
| Unsure | 66 (65.3%) | 196 (65.6%) | 2.53 (1.23–5.17) | |
| Agree | 25 (24.8%) | 28 (9.4%) | 6.70 (2.86–15.70) | |
| You should not be vaccinated while pregnant | ||||
| Disagree | 11 (10.9%) | 141 (47.2%) | 1 | < 0.001 |
| Unsure | 38 (37.6%) | 103 (34.4%) | 4.73 (2.31–9.69) | |
| Agree | 52 (51.5%) | 55 (18.4%) | 12.12 (5.89–24.93) | |
| Information on vaccination complications in pregnant women from social media influence vaccination decisions | ||||
| Disagree | 1 (1.0%) | 36 (12.0%) | 19.75 (1.28–74.51) | 0.001 |
| Unsure | 26 (25.7%) | 96 (32.1%) | 15.95 (2.15– | |
| Agree | 74 (73.3%) | 167 (55.9%) | 118.55) | |
| Vaccines can help reduce severity of illness | ||||
| Disagree | 4 (4.0%) | 8 (2.7%) | 1 | 0.008 |
| Unsure | 29 (28.7%) | 46 (15.4%) | 1.26 (0.35–4.57) | |
| Agree | 68 (67.3%) | 245 (81.9%) | 0.56 (0.16–1.90) | |
| Vaccines given during pregnancy can increase the immunity of the unborn baby | ||||
| Disagree | 10 (9.9%) | 19 (6.4%) | 1 | 0.091 |
| Unsure | 62 (61.4%) | 160 (53.5%) | 0.74 (0.32–1.67) | |
| Agree | 29 (28.7%) | 120 (40.1%) | 0.46 (0.19–1.09) | |
| Too frequent vaccinations will be dangerous to you | ||||
| Disagree | 5 (5.0%) | 30 (10.0%) | 1 | 0.018 |
| Unsure | 53 (52.5%) | 184 (61.5%) | 1.73 (0.64–4.67) | |
| Agree | 43 (42.6%) | 85 (28.4%) | 3.04 (1.10–8.38) | |
| Too frequent vaccinations will cause harm to the unborn baby | ||||
| Disagree | 3 (3.0%) | 25 (8.4%) | 1 | 0.006 |
| Unsure | 50 (49.5%) | 180 (60.2%) | 2.32 (0.67–7.98) | |
| Agree | 48 (47.5%) | 94 (31.4%) | 4.26 (1.22–14.81) | |
| The decision to vaccinate against COVID-19 | ||||
| COVID-19 vaccinations can help prevent infections and severe symptoms | ||||
| Know | 79 (78.2%) | 257 (86.0%) | 1 | 0.027 |
| Don’t know | 2 (2.0%) | 12 (4.0%) | 0.54 (0.12–2.47) | |
| Unsure | 20 (19.8%) | 30 (10.0%) | 2.17 (1.17–4.03) | |
| Doctor or healthcare professional should explain to you that vaccination can reduce your risk of infection | ||||
| Should explain | 87 (86.1%) | 283 (94.6%) | 1 | 0.005 |
| Don’t have to explain | 14 (13.9%) | 16 (5.4%) | 2.85 (1.34–6.07) | |
| If you know that vaccination is helpful, will you receive injections or not? | ||||
| Get a vaccination of course | 30 (29.7%) | 208 (69.6%) | 1 | < 0.001 |
| Need to consult relatives first | 38 (37.6%) | 78 (26.1%) | 3.38 (1.96–5.82) | |
| Don’t ask for a vaccination | 33 (32.7%) | 13 (4.3%) | 17.60 (8.34–37.16) | |
| Reason for rejecting vaccination | ||||
| Fear of pain | 1 (1.0%) | 1 (0.3%) | 2.98 (0.19–48.09) | 0.419 |
| Fear of harming yourself | 19 (18.8%) | 29 (9.7%) | 2.16 (1.01–1.61) | 0.015 |
| Fear of harm to the unborn child | 88 (87.1%) | 233 (77.9%) | 1.92 (1.01–3.65) | 0.045 |
| Wanted to choose an alternative vaccine to the type allocated by the government | 6 (5.9%) | 53 (17.7%) | 0.29 (0.12–0.70) | 0.004 |
| Other | 6 (5.9%) | 7 (2.3%) | 2.64 (0.86–8.03) | 0.101 |
| If alternative vaccinations cost not much more, would you decide to be vaccinated? | ||||
| Would be vaccinated | 39 (38.6%) | 207 (69.2%) | 1 | < 0.001 |
| Would not be vaccinated | 57 (56.4%) | 75 (25.1%) | 4.03 (2.48–6.56) | |
| Other | 5 (5.0%) | 17 (5.7%) | 1.56 (0.54–4.48) | |
| You decided not to be vaccinated because the severity of COVID-19 is currently reducing | ||||
| Yes | 30 (29.7%) | 39 (13.0%) | 1 | < 0.001 |
| No | 43 (42.6%) | 197 (65.9%) | 0.28 (0.16–0.51) | |
| Unsure | 28 (27.7%) | 63 (21.1%) | 0.58 (0.30–1.11) | |
| You would like to know your immunity level before deciding to get vaccinated during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 62 (61.4%) | 221 (73.9%) | 1 | 0.055 |
| No | 17 (16.8%) | 32 (10.7%) | 1.89 (0.99–3.64) | |
| Unsure | 22 (21.8%) | 46 (15.4%) | 1.71 (0.95–3.05) | |
| If you have low immunity level, you would decide to be vaccinated against COVID-19 during pregnancy | ||||
| Yes | 34 (33.7%) | 184 (61.5%) | 1 | < 0.001 |
| No | 26 (25.7%) | 31 (10.4%) | 4.54 (2.40–8.58) | |
| Unsure | 41 (40.6%) | 84 (28.1%) | 2.64 (1.57–4.56) | |
| Booking appointments for vaccinations is convenient | ||||
| Yes | 43 (42.6%) | 186 (62.2%) | 1 | 0.001 |
| No | 17 (16.8%) | 44 (14.7%) | 1.67 (0.87–3.20) | |
| Unsure | 41 (40.6%) | 69 (23.1%) | 2.57 (1.55–4.28) | |
| It is difficult to book appointments for vaccinations | ||||
| Yes | 18 (17.8%) | 79 (26.4%) | 1 | 0.008 |
| No | 42 (41.6%) | 146 (48.8%) | 1.26 (0.68–2.34) | |
| Unsure | 41 (40.6%) | 74 (24.7%) | 2.43 (1.28–4.61) | |
| Grievances about decision to get vaccinated against COVID-19 | ||||
| You felt embarrassed when your doctor advised you to get a vaccination | ||||
| Yes | 35 (34.7%) | 38 (12.7%) | 1 | < 0.001 |
| No | 51 (50.5%) | 222 (74.2%) | 0.25 (0.14–0.43) | |
| Unsure | 15 (14.9%) | 39 (13.0%) | 0.42 (0.20–0.89) | |
| You believed that your doctor would not provide standardized ante-natal care if you did not get vaccinated as recommended by the doctor | ||||
| Yes | 24 (23.8%) | 42 (14.0%) | 1 | 0.020 |
| No | 53 (52.5%) | 201 (67.2%) | 0.46 (0.26–0.83) | |
| Unsure | 24 (23.8%) | 56 (18.7%) | 0.75 (0.38–1.50) | |
| The type of vaccine influences your vaccination decision | ||||
| Yes | 64 (63.4%) | 225 (75.3%) | 1 | 0.046 |
| No | 22 (21.8%) | 50 (16.7%) | 1.55 (0.87–2.74) | |
| Unsure | 15 (14.9%) | 24 (8.0%) | 2.20 (1.09–4.44) | |