Table 1. Characteristics of Dialysis Patients by Recipient of Foot and Ankle Care by Podiatrists in the 3 Months Before the Index DFU.
| Characteristica | Patients, No. (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N = 14 935) | With podiatric care (n = 2736) | Without podiatric care (n = 12 199) | |||
| Demographic characteristics | |||||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 8284 (55.4) | 1547 (56.5) | 6737 (55.2) | ||
| Female | 6651 (44.5) | 1189 (43.5) | 5462 (44.8) | ||
| Age, y | |||||
| Mean (SD), y | 59.3 (12.7) | 62.8 (12.1) | 58.5 (12.7) | ||
| <50 | 3253 (21.7) | 381 (13.9) | 2872 (23.5) | ||
| 50 to <65 | 6391 (42.7) | 1084 (39.6) | 5307 (43.5) | ||
| ≥65 | 5291 (35.4) | 1271 (46.5) | 4020 (33.0) | ||
| Race and ethnicityb | |||||
| Asian | 414 (2.7) | 77 (2.8) | 337 (2.8) | ||
| Black or African American | 5235 (35.0) | 951 (34.8) | 4284 (35.1) | ||
| Hispanic | 2652 (17.7) | 439 (16) | 2213 (18.1) | ||
| White | 8745 (58.5) | 1664 (60.8) | 7081 (58) | ||
| Other | 541 (3.6) | 44 (1.6) | 497 (4.1) | ||
| Dual eligibility of Medicare and Medicaid | 6467 (43.4) | 1121 (41) | 5346 (43.8) | ||
| Clinical characteristics at diagnosis of kidney failure | |||||
| BMI | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 32.1 (8.3) | 32.0 (8.1) | 32.1 (8.4) | ||
| 0 to <25 | 3011 (20.1) | 555 (20.3) | 2456 (20.1) | ||
| 25 to <30 | 3866 (25.8) | 708 (25.9) | 3158 (25.9) | ||
| 30 to <35 | 3389 (22.6) | 615 (22.5) | 2774 (22.7) | ||
| ≥35 | 4669 (31.2) | 858 (31.4) | 3811 (31.2) | ||
| Primary cause of kidney failure | |||||
| Diabetes | 10 897 (72.9) | 2011 (73.5) | 8886 (72.8) | ||
| Hypertension | 2732 (18.2) | 500 (18.3) | 2232 (18.3) | ||
| Glomerulonephritis | 441 (2.9) | 65 (2.4) | 376 (3.1) | ||
| Other/unknown | 865 (5.7) | 160 (5.8) | 705 (5.8) | ||
| Nephrology care before initiation of dialysis | |||||
| Yes | 9202 (61.6) | 1762 (64.4) | 7440 (61) | ||
| No | 3277 (21.9) | 491 (17.9) | 2786 (22.8) | ||
| Unknown | 2456 (16.4) | 483 (17.7) | 1973 (16.2) | ||
| Insulin-dependent diabetes at initiation of dialysis | 8916 (59.6) | 1660 (60.7) | 7256 (59.5) | ||
| Alcohol/drug use | 2179 (14.5) | 36 (1.3) | 200 (1.6) | ||
| Need assistance with activities of daily living | 1472 (9.8) | 303 (11.1) | 1169 (9.6) | ||
| Institutionalized | 757 (5.1) | 228 (8.3) | 529 (4.34) | ||
| Dialysis-related characteristics | |||||
| Dialysis modality | |||||
| Hemodialysis | 13 816 (92.5) | 2567 (93.8) | 11249 (92.2) | ||
| Peritoneal dialysis | 1119 (7.4) | 169 (6.2) | 950 (7.8) | ||
| Duration of dialysis, y | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 5.5 (3.3) | 5.6 (3.3) | 5.5 (3.3) | ||
| <2.5 | 2676 (17.9) | 462 (16.9) | 2214 (18.1) | ||
| 2.5 to <4 | 3393 (22.7) | 574 (21) | 2819 (23.1) | ||
| 4 to <6.5 | 4331 (28.9) | 821 (30) | 3510 (28.8) | ||
| ≥6.5 | 4535 (30.3) | 879 (32.1) | 3656 (30) | ||
| Comorbidities and hospitalizationc,d | |||||
| Hypertension | 12 547 (84.0) | 2333 (85.3) | 10 214 (83.7) | ||
| COPD | 2837 (18.9) | 553 (20.2) | 2284 (18.7) | ||
| CHF | 6464 (43.2) | 1174 (42.9) | 5290 (43.4) | ||
| CVA/TIA | 2789 (18.6) | 569 (20.8) | 2220 (18.2) | ||
| ASHD | 1614 (10.8) | 284 (10.4) | 1330 (10.9) | ||
| Peripheral arterial disease | 3429 (22.9) | 858 (31.4) | 2571 (21.1) | ||
| Coronary artery disease | 6840 (45.7) | 1320 (48.2) | 5520 (45.2) | ||
| Other cardiac conditions | 4913 (32.8) | 853 (31.2) | 4060 (33.3) | ||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 6.1 (2.3) | 6.4 (2.2) | 6.0 (2.3) | ||
| <6 | 6465 (43.2) | 1014 (37.1) | 5451 (44.7) | ||
| 6 to <8 | 5163 (34.5) | 1028 (37.6) | 4135 (33.9) | ||
| 8 to <9 | 1513 (10.1) | 335 (12.2) | 1178 (9.7) | ||
| ≥9 | 1794 (12.0) | 359 (13.1) | 1435 (11.8) | ||
| Duration of hospitalization, d | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 7.9 (13.2) | 5.5 (10.3) | 8.5 (13.7) | ||
| 0 | 7236 (48.4) | 1600 (58.5) | 5636 (46.2) | ||
| 1 to <10 | 3622 (24.2) | 603 (22) | 3019 (24.7) | ||
| ≥10 | 4077 (27.2) | 533 (19.5) | 3544 (29.1) | ||
Abbreviations: ASHD, atherosclerotic heart disease; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA/TIA, cerebrovascular accident/transient ischemic attack.
All characteristics were found to be significantly different (P < .001) between the groups except for sex, BMI, primary cause of kidney failure, alcohol use, CHF, and COPD. eTable 2 in Supplement 1 provides detailed definition for each characteristic.
Identification of race and ethnicity was obtained from the Medical Evidence Form; ascertainment of race was made by self-report. The Other group includes American Indian, Alaska Native, Pacific Islander, or Native Hawaiian.
eTable 1 in Supplement 1 provides specific International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes used.
Both comorbid conditions and hospital days were measured during the 3 months prior to baseline.