Table 1.

The number of human-written and artificial intelligence (AI)–generated texts that were correctly or incorrectly identified by academics with different levels of academic expertise.

Identified role of evaluator	Evaluations of original texts (n=5), n		Evaluations of texts rewritten by AI (n=20), n
	Human written (correctly identified)	AI–generated	Human written	AI–generated (correctly identified)
Junior orthopedic surgeon	2	3	5	15
Senior orthopedic surgeon	1	4	4	16
Junior qualitative researcher	2	3	8	12
Senior qualitative researcher	4	1	10	10