Fig. 3.

The ALS disease biomarkers in the CSF, Blood, Exomes, Extracellular vesicles, and Stress granules. Although, still there is no available method to detect C9orf72, based on in vitro and animal research this biomarker has the potential to be measured in the blood and CSF. CSF: cerebrospinal fluid, MFG-E8: milk fat globule-EGF factor 8, PGRN: Progranulin, IL-6: interleukin-6, MCP-1: macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, MIP-1β: macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, SOD1: Superoxide dismutase 1, FUS: Fused in sarcoma, TDP-43: TAR DNA-binding protein 43, NFL: neurofilament light, miRNA: micro RNA