Table 2.

Summary of recommendations to support collaborative working

Aim	Possible COM-B policy (P) or intervention (I) types [definition from (14)]	Organisational Level	ICS/system level
Share skills and knowledge (Capability)	Education (I)– increase knowledge or understanding Environmental restructuring (I)– change physical or social context Training (I)– impart skills Modelling (I)– provide example for people to aspire to or imitate	Executive Board Level responsibility for research	Process development/ mapping to share knowledge/skills Webinars/events, training Shared roles working across organisations (shadowing/induction)
Reduce competition (Opportunity)	Education (I)– increase knowledge or understanding Persuasion (I)– use communication to induce positive or negative feelings or stimulate action Incentivisation (I) - creating expectation of reward	Board level commitment to partnership working for research	Develop common aims– shared framework Transparency over funding streams
Developing skills, capacity and networking (Capability)	Environmental restructuring (I) - changing physical or social context Environmental/social planning (P) - design and/or control the physical or social environment Training– impart skills Education– increase knowledge or understanding	Job planning/ protected time for research– built into recruitment and retention strategies	Directory of staff and services– who’s who Webinars/events, training One point for contact– to help facilitate introductions
Building trust and reducing risk (Capability, Motivation)	Guidelines (P) - create documents that recommend or mandate practice Regulation (I)- Establishing rules or principles of behaviour or practice Environmental restructuring (I)- changing physical or social context		Data sharing agreements Collaboration agreements Directory of who’s who to build relationships One point for contact– to share opportunities