Table 2.
Animal-derived medicines used by the Gelao people
| Local name | Name of Chinese medicine | Species | Family | Used part | Processing method | Main treatment | Mainly used in conjunction with medicines | Usage | Voucher numbers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Xiao Feng Er | Silkworm Chrysalis | Bombyx morio (Linnaeus, 1767) | Bombycidae | All | Drying | cure noma of children | Silkworm chrysalis, honey | Stir-fried for consumption | ZY-2023-W-003 |
| Jiang Can | White Stiffy Silkworm | Bombyx morio (Linnaeus, 1767) | Bombycidae | Whole | Low temperature drying | Coughing | Good end tea, white silkworms | Ground and taken internally | ZY-2023-Z-002 |
| Can Shi | Silkworm sand | Bombyx morio (Linnaeus, 1767) | Bombycidae | Physiological products | Drying | Treatment of hemorrhagic gonorrhea | Silkworm Sand | Ground and taken with wine | ZY-2023-Z-013 |
| Zhi Liao Pi | Cicada Shedding | Cicadidae (Latreille, 1802) | Cicadidae | Physiological products | Drying | Diarrhea | Cicada metamorphosis, licorice, jujube | Decocted in water | ZY-2023-Z-014 |
| Lai Ge Bao | Toad | Bufo gargarizans (Cantor, 1842) | Bufonidae | Whole | Drying | Treatment of hemorrhoids of the large intestine | Toad, Pig Intestine | Calcined by fire and eaten as a dip | ZY-2023-W-001 |
| Ci Tuan | Hedgehog skin | Erinaceus aegyptius (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803) | Erinaceidae | Tissue | Drying | Leukorrhea | Hedgehog spines, bamboo roots | Burnt ash and powdered for internal use | ZY-2023-Z-003 |
| Da Xiang Pi | Elephant skin | Elephantidae (Gray, 1821) | Elephantidae | Tissue organs | Drying | Skin ulcers | Elephant skin, snake shed, gypsum | Powdered and applied externally | —— |
| Xiong Dan | Bear Gallbladder | Ursus thibetanus (G. Baron Cuvier, 1823) | Ursidae | Tissue organ | Drying | Treating stupor | Used alone | Take with wine | —— |
| Chou Bao | Bovis Calculus | Bos taurus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Bovidae | Pathological products | Sulfur fumigation drying or shade drying | Treatment of fever and feverishness in children | Bovine rhubarb, Sichuan rhubarb, cicada shells | Ground and taken internally | —— |
| Niu Dan Zhi | Ox Gall | Bos taurus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Bovidae | Tissue organs | Fresh | Trauma causing incontinence | Cow’s bitter gall, Cao Wu | Internal | ZY-2023-Z-004 |
| Shan Yu | Eel | Muraena alba (Zuiew, 1793) | Synbranchidae | Entire body | Fresh | Cure distorted eyes and mouth | Used alone | Acupuncture and moxibustion | ZY-2023-W-004 |
| Ji Nei Jin | Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum | Gallus gallus | Phasianidae | Tissue organs | Dry | Indigestion/Hematochezia/Hypoplasia | Ji Nei Jin | Ground powder for internal use | ZY-2023-W-002 |
| Ji Dan Qing | Eggs | Gallus gallus | Phasianidae | Tissue organs | Fresh | Burns | Used alone | External use | ZY-2023-W-006 |
| Pi Ban Chong | Nine Spice Worms | Coridius chinensis (Dallas, 1851) | Dinidoridae | Whole | Dry | Hemangioma | Cordyceps sinensis | Rub with juice | ZY-2023-W-005 |
| Lao Hu Gu Tou | Tiger Bone | Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) | Felidae | Tissue organs | Remove sinews, dry | White Bone Pain | Myrrh, tiger’s tibia | Pounded and taken with wine/infused with wine | —— |
| Xiao Tu Gou | Gryllolaptaptidae | Gryllotalpa spps | Grylloidea | Whole | Dry | Urinary Stones | Gryllotalpa (head removed for bladder stones, head left for urinary stones) | Powdered and swallowed with warm wine | ZY-2023-Z-015 |
| Jia Qiao | Sparrow | Passeres (Linnæus, 1758) | Ploceidae | Whole | Hairless and gutted | Bladder stones | Sparrow | Roasted | ZY-2023-Z-005 |
| Lu Rong | Deer antler | Cervus canadensis (Erxleben, 1777) | Cervus | Tissue organs | Sliced and dried | Whooping Cough in Elderly | Used alone | Infused in wine or directly consumed | ZY-2023-Z-006 |
| Mi Tang | Honeybee | Apis mellifera (Linnæus, 1758) | Apidae | Physiological products | Filtration and removal of impurities | Emptiness Symptoms | Honey/honey, child’s urine (take the middle part) | Apply/take internally | ZY-2023-Z-001 |
| Jiang Chong | Cockroach | Catharsius molossus (Linnaeus, 1758) | Blattidae Handlirsch | All | Fresh/dry | Sore Mouth and Tongue/Vomiting Blood, Hemoptysis | Cockroaches, salt | Pound and apply externally | ZY-2023-Z-016 |
| Ha Ma Er | Tadpole | Rana nigromaculata (Hallowell, 1861) | Ranidae | All | Drying | Swollen Toxin | Tadpoles, ice chips | Apply with water | ZY-2023-W-007 |
| Chong Shan | Dinosaurus | Lumbricina | Lumbricidae | All | Drying | Mumps | Fresh earthworms | Add sugar to water and take internally | ZY-2023-D-007 |
| Ren Tui | Human fingernails | Homo Sapiens (Linnæus, 1758) | Hominidae | Physiological products | Fresh | Pediatric Emergency Fright | Human fingernails, sour jujube seeds | Pound and apply | ZY-2023-Z-017 |
| Shan Yang Jiao | Goat horns | Naemorhedus goral (Hardwicke, 1825) | Bovidae | Tissue | Drying | Needle Sticking into Flesh | Wild goat horns, buffalo horns | Ground in water and taken internally | |
| Yang Nao Zi | Goat brain | Caprinae | Bovidae | Tissue organs | Fresh or frozen | Fever and convulsions | Sheep’s brain, Park’s nitrate | Mix the paste well | ZY-2023-D-009 |
| She Dan | Snake Gallbladder | Dendroaspis polylepis (Günther, 1864) | Snake Gallbladder | Tissue organs | Drying | Treatment of Pediatric Tumor | Used alone | Take directly | ZY-2023-D-008 |
| Cai She | Cauliflower Snake | Elaphe carinata (Günther, 1864) | Colubridae | Whole | Drying | Cough, phlegm and asthma | Used alone | Decocted in water/stewed | ZY-2023-D-006 |
| Long Yi | Snake Molt | Dendroaspis polylepis (Günther, 1864) | Colubridae | Physiological products | Drying/Drying | Pediatric eclampsia, dispelling wind | Gypsum, Dragon Bone, Elephant Skin | Ground finely and applied externally | ZY-2023-W-009 |
| Wu She | Ophiopogon | Ptyas dhumnades (Cantor, 1842) | Colubridae | Whole | Drying | Skin ulcers | Ophiopogon, Aconite | Smoke therapy | ZY-2023-F-001 |
| Wu Bu She | Herb snake | Agkistrodon Palisot de (Beauvois, 1799) | Viperidae | All | Drying | Trembling hands and feet | Mutong, Cow’s Knee | Taken internally or externally in wine | ZY-2023-W-008 |
| Tu Jin | Vipers | Agkistrodon halys boehmei Nilson (1983) | Viperidae | All | Drying or fresh use | Rheumatic paralysis | Used alone | Taken internally or in wine | ZY-2023-D-005 |
| Di Shi Po | Rattlesnake | Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille, 1804) | Armadillidiidae Brandt | All | Sun-dried or roasted | Treating rheumatic joint pain | Damp Worm | Powdered and applied externally | ZY-2023-D-004 |
| Sha Niu Jiao | Buffalo horn | Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus, 1758) | Bovidae | Tissues and organs | Removing impurities and mashing | Treating pain of tooth decay with holes | Buffalo horn | Swallowing with white wine | ZY-2023-F-002 |
| Ma Huang | Leech | Hirudo (Linnaeus, 1758) | Hirudinidae | Whole | Low temperature drying/fresh use | Blood Gonorrhea | Leech, White Cottonwood, Myrrh | Ground into a powder and mixed with warm wine for internal use | ZY-2023-F-004 |
| Luo Si | Snail | Viviparidae (Gray, 1847) | Viviparidae | All | Fresh | Bone fracture pain/bruising (fresh use) | Fresh snail, radish seeds/fresh snail, ginger | Apply externally by pounding/pounding | ZY-2023-Z-011 |
| Di Bie | Earthworm | Eupolyphaga sinensis (Walker, 1868) | Carabidae | All | Drying | Umbilical Convexity/Handful of Mouth Wind (Frightening) | Earthworm, Rhizoma Ligusticum, Radix et Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Radix Paeoniae Alba | Add a little wine and decoct | ZY-2023-D-016 |
| Jia Yu Ke | Turtle Shell | Pelodiscus sinensis (Wiegmann, 1834) | Trionychidae | Tissue | Drying | Lumbar injury (caused by sprain) | Mountain snail | /Powdered and dried and applied with tung oil | ZY-2023-D-003 |
| Ge Li | Mealybug | Meretrix meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) | Mactra | Tissue | Wash and dry | Uterine Prolapse | Used alone | Infused in wine or powdered for internal use | ZY-2023-Z-009 |
| Wu Gui Ke | Tortoise shell | Mauremys reevesii (Gray, 1831) | Emydidae | Tissue | Sun-dried | Nourishing | Tortoise shell, Radix et Rhizoma Dioscoreae | Decoction | ZY-2023-D-010 |
| Wu Zei Gu | cuttlebone | Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) | Sepiidae | Tissue organs | Drying | Curing pediatric cranial dissolution | Used alone | Powder for external use | ZY-2023-Z-0010 |
| Bai Zu Chong | Centipede | Scolopendra subspinipes (Leach, 1815) | Scolopendridae | All | Sun-dried or tumble-dried | Bleeding from trauma | Centipede | Powdered pig’s bile | ZY-2023-W-011 |
| Wu Bei Zi | Cinquefoil | Schlechtendalia chinensis (Bell, 1851) | Anacardiaceae | Physiological products | Steamed and dried | Stroke with distorted eyes and mouth | Used alone | Decoction of water/gargle | ZY-2023-Z-012 |
| Ya Dan | Duck Eggs | Anatinae (Leach,1820) | Anatidae | Eggs | Fresh | Toothache | Green Shell Duck Eggs, Water Chest | Duck egg decoction | ZY-2023-D-001 |
| Yan Zi Ni | Bird’s Nest Mud | Hirundo rustica (Linnaeus, 1758) | Hirundinidae | Mud nests | Remove impurities and mash | Nosebleed | Bird’s Nest Mud | Apply with acid soup | ZY-2023-D-002 |
| Ban Mao | Spanish fly | Mylabris phalerata (Pallas, 1781) | Meloidae | Whole | Sun-dried | Testicular Pain | Single use | External use | ZY-2023-W-010 |
| Zhu Ke | Wild Boar Gall Bladder | Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758) | Suidae | Tissue organs | Fresh or shade-dried | Skin Diseases | Wild boar’s bile, cypress | Apply | ZY-2023-Z-008 |
| Sha Hou | Golden Sands Cow | Myrmeleontidae (Latreille, 1802) | Myrmeleontidae | Whole body | Powdered | Fire Scald | Bullock, Grateful Parsnip | Internal and external use/pounding mud to wrap the heart of the feet | ZY-2023-D-012 |
| Zhu Niao Bao | Pig Bladder | Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758) | Suidae | Tissue | Drying | Stopping drenching and malaria/ | Pig’s Bladder | Steam | ZY-2023-D-013 |
| Zhu Yao Zi | Pig Kidney | Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758) | Suidae | Tissue | Fresh or refrigerated | Postpartum diaphoresis | Pig Kidney, Pepper | Boiled in water | ZY-2023-W-012 |
| Zhu Ya | Pig’s Tooth | Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758) | Suidae | Tissue | Drying | Nocturia | Pig’s Tooth | Burnt ash and drink | ZY-2023-D-015 |
| Zhuo Mu Niao | Woodpecker | Picoides canicapillus | Picidae | All | Dehairing, gutting and drying | Chronic Cough | Woodpecker’s Tongue, Fenugreek | Decoction of water | —— |
| Ye Feng Wo | Beehive | Apis mellifera (Linnæus, 1758) | Apidae | Physiological products | Remove impurities and mash | pediatric eclampsia and snakebite | Single use | Decoction or bath | ZY-2023-Z-007 |
| Jia Pian | Pangolin | Pholidota (Weber, 1904) | Manidae | Tissue organs | Dry in the sun | Cure pediatric cramps | Snake | Apply externally in wine | —— |
| Wa Wa Yu | Ni | Andrias davidianus (Blanchard, 1871) | Cryptobranchidae | Tissue organs | Fresh | Skin diseases | Used alone | External use/consumption | —— |
| Tang Lang Dan | Cuttlebone | Paratenodera sinensis (Saussure, 1871) | Mantoididae | Tissue organs | Steam scalded and dried | Joint Pain | Cuttlebone, pig’s loin, a cone of incense | Decoction | ZY-2023-D-014 |