Table 1.

Literature on Factors Associated with Research Productivity

Level of Factors	Factors associated with RP
Personal	• Gender [15, 20] • Race [20] • Age [15, 20] • Language [8] • Marital status [15, 20] • Having dependent children [20] • Number of children [20] • Spousal occupation [21] • Education (PhD program and ranking) [15, 20] • Years to complete the degree [20] • Dissertation subfield [20] • Psychological and cognitive characteristics: genuine interest in one’s discipline or field [20, 22], socialization [23], professional commitment [16, 22, 23], motivation [15, 20, 22, 23], and desire for recognition [20].
Professional	• Academic rank [15, 16, 20, 24] • Academic discipline [24] or expertise [23] • Subfield specialization [20] • Tenure status [22], employment school ranking [20] • Frequency of conference presentations [20] • Research experience since completion of PhD [20] • Collaboration with other researchers (co-authorship) [20] • Academic career satisfaction [24].
Institutional	• Private or public institutions [20] • MA or PhD granting institution [20] • FTE student-to-faculty ratio [15, 24], Size/experience/expertise [15, 23] • Prestige or rank of the department [20]. • A working environment with a culture [23] of shared attitudes about the value of research [16, 22] • Collegiality and interpersonal encouragement [20], communication [23] • Resource [23] • Incentive opportunities [23]
System	• Importance of PC in the health care system and universities, training and funding of PC researchers [3] • Strong professional and academic colleges [3] • National data collection network [3] • Organizing PC research teams [3] • Favourable conditions for publishing in English [3] • International research networks [3] • COVID-19 pandemic [25]; [25–28] • Systemic bias of racialized researchers, particularly women of colour [25, 29–32].