Table 2.
Multiple logistic regression analyses of predisposing, enabling, and need factors associated with client perceptions of provider awareness of traditional and cultural treatments among Indigenous people who use unregulated drugs (n = 507) in Vancouver, Canada, from December 2017 to March 2020
| Characteristic | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-disposing factors | ||||
| Agea | ||||
| 36–45 vs. 25–35 | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) | 0.67 | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) | 0.47 |
| 46–55 vs. 25–35 | 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) | 0.60 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) | 0.92 |
| >55 vs. 25–35 | 1.0 (0.5, 1.7) | 0.86 | 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) | 0.47 |
| Self-identified gendera | ||||
| Man vs. woman | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) | 0.22 | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) | 0.23 |
| Unstable housing/homelessnessa (yes vs. no) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | 0.32 | 1.2 (0.9, 1.8) | 0.24 |
| DTES residencea (yes vs. no) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.4) | 0.80 | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 0.95 |
| Enabling factors | ||||
| Patient involvement in treatment decisionsa | ||||
| Always vs. never | 5.1 (2.4, 10.8) | <0.0001 | 3.6 (1.6, 7.8) | 0.002 |
| Most or some of the time vs. never | 4.0 (1.7, 9.0) | 0.001 | 3.3 (1.4, 7.7) | 0.01 |
| Comfort with provider or clinica (yes vs. no) | 3.7 (2.1, 6.6) | <0.0001 | 2.7 (1.5, 5.0) | 0.002 |
| Received healthcare in one placea (yes vs. no) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) | 0.30 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.6) | 0.80 |
| Provider typea | ||||
| Social support worker vs. clinician | 1.5 (1.1, 2.2) | 0.01 | 1.5 (1.0, 2.1) | 0.03 |
| Need factors | ||||
| Chronic paina (yes vs. no) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.4) | 0.87 | 1.2 (0.8, 1.6) | 0.36 |
| Mental healtha (yes vs. no) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.21 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 0.52 |
| Barriers to carea (yes vs. no) | ||||
| Delayed care due to poor treatment | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 0.01 | 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) | 0.15 |
| Delayed treatment due to racism | 0.8 (0.4, 1.3) | 0.27 | 1.4 (0.8, 2.5) | 0.29 |
| Refused healthcare due to drug use | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 0.01 | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) | 0.15 |
| Survey round | ||||
| Follow-up 1 vs. baseline | 1.6 (1.1, 2.3) | 0.01 | 1.6 (1.1, 2.3) | 0.01 |
| Follow-up 2 vs. baseline | 1.2 (0.8, 1.7) | 0.43 | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) | 0.78 |
| Follow-up 3 vs. baseline | 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) | 0.24 | 1.2 (0.8, 1.9) | 0.38 |
| Follow-up 4 vs. baseline | 3.0 (1.2, 7.2) | 0.02 | 2.5 (1.0, 6.1) | 0.05 |
CI Confidence interval, DTES Downtown Eastside
aDenotes behaviours and events in the previous 6 months