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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Mar 2.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2022 Jan 18;161:107088. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107088

Table 3.

Associations of gaseous and particulate matter air pollutants and risk of death following breast cancer diagnosis among CA MEC breast cancer cases by race/ethnicity, 1993–2013a,b.

All-cause mortality Breast cancer mortality CVD mortality Non-breast cancer and non-CVD mortality
Deaths HR 95% CI p-value Deaths HR 95% CI p-value Deaths HR 95% CI p-value Deaths HR 95% CI p-value
LUR NOxc African Americans 419 1.42 (1.04–1.94) 0.03 193 1.41 (0.88–2.25) 0.15 106 3.62 (1.91–6.86) <0.0001 120 0.83 (0.40–1.72) 0.62
European Americans 198 1.35 (0.80–2.30) 0.26 66 1.94 (0.63–6.02) 0.25 52 0.51 (0.09–2.72) 0.43 80 2.66 (1.0–7.07) 0.05
Japanese Americans 80 1.91 (0.63–5.83) 0.25 – – – – – – – – – – – –
Latina Americans 282 1.05 (0.71–1.54) 0.82 126 1.46 (0.79–2.71) 0.23 61 1.14 (0.43–2.97) 0.79 95 0.51 (0.25–1.05) 0.07
Pheterogenerity 0.46 0.82 0.02 0.02
NO2c African Americans 437 1.33 (0.91–1.95) 0.14 199 1.73 (0.97–3.08) 0.07 110 3.34 (1.50–7.44) 0.003 128 0.53 (0.23–1.21) 0.13
European Americans 203 1.30 (0.72–2.34) 0.39 69 2.23 (0.66–7.53) 0.20 53 0.88 (0.16–5.00) 0.89 81 1.71 (0.60–4.87) 0.32
Japanese Americans 80 3.18 (0.90–11.20) 0.07 – – – – – – – – – – – –
Latina Americans 283 1.02 (0.63–1.65) 0.92 127 1.17 (0.56–2.44) 0.68 61 1.00 (0.30–3.30) 1.00 95 0.68 (0.28–1.64) 0.39
Pheterogenerity 0.25 0.50 0.14 0.21
Kriging NOxc African Americans 491 1.18 (0.90–1.56) 0.24 220 1.24 (0.82–1.88) 0.32 124 2.16 (1.21–3.84) 0.01 147 0.74 (0.42–1.29) 0.28
European Americans 224 1.68 (1.01–2.80) 0.04 76 3.98 (1.31–12.04) 0.01 60 0.88 (0.23–3.36) 0.86 88 2.25 (0.86–5.85) 0.10
Japanese Americans 82 0.92 (0.26–3.28) 0.89 – – – – – – – – – – – –
Latina Americans 296 1.14 (0.76–1.72) 0.52 131 1.67 (0.87–3.19) 0.12 63 0.96 (0.33–2.79) 0.93 102 0.74 (0.36–1.51) 0.41
Pheterogenerity 0.91 0.42 0.09 0.73
NO2c African Americans 506 1.30 (0.91–1.86) 0.15 227 1.52 (0.87–2.65) 0.14 124 3.39 (1.59–7.23) 0.002 155 0.56 (0.28–1.10) 0.09
European Americans 224 1.87 (1.05–3.34) 0.03 76 4.90 (1.36–17.71) 0.02 60 0.85 (0.21–3.43) 0.82 88 2.69 (0.94–7.73) 0.07
Japanese Americans 83 0.88 (0.24–3.26) 0.84 – – – – – – – – – – – –
Latina Americans 296 1.19 (0.73–1.95) 0.49 131 1.61 (0.75–3.47) 0.22 63 1.05 (0.29–3.85) 0.94 102 0.85 (0.35–2.03) 0.71
Pheterogenerity 0.59 0.25 0.12 0.05
PM2.5c African Americans 504 1.35 (0.99–1.85) 0.06 225 1.33 (0.80–2.20) 0.27 124 2.10 (1.13–3.91) 0.02 155 0.92 (0.51–1.65) 0.78
European Americans 225 1.33 (0.77–2.30) 0.30 76 2.21 (0.63–7.82) 0.22 60 0.78 (0.20–3.02) 0.72 89 1.79 (0.69–4.65) 0.23
Japanese Americans 83 0.57 (0.15–2.20) 0.42 – – – – – – – – – – – –
Latina Americans 295 0.94 (0.60–1.47) 0.78 130 1.17 (0.59–2.33) 0.66 63 0.93 (0.29–3.02) 0.91 102 0.62 (0.28–1.36) 0.23
Pheterogenerity 0.23 0.87 0.11 0.63
PM10c African Americans 506 1.25 (1.03–1.52) 0.02 227 1.33 (0.97–1.83) 0.08 124 1.55 (1.04–2.29) 0.03 155 0.97 (0.68–1.37) 0.85
European Americans 225 1.23 (0.83–1.81) 0.31 76 1.51 (0.63–3.64) 0.36 60 1.05 (0.38–2.93) 0.93 89 1.29 (0.67–2.46) 0.45
Japanese Americans 83 0.85 (0.34–2.12) 0.73 – – – – – – – – – – – –
Latina Americans 296 0.98 (0.73–1.30) 0.87 131 1.11 (0.72–1.73) 0.64 63 1.24 (0.54–2.82) 0.61 102 0.79 (0.47–1.33) 0.36
Pheterogenerity 0.21 0.52 0.34 0.66
a

African American (n = 1117), European American (n = 573), Japanese American (n = 370), and Latina American (n = 958) breast cancer cases. Native Hawaiian (n = 11) breast cancer cases were not included.

b

Adjusted for marital status, ERPR status, stage, grade, histology, tumor size, chemotherapy, hormone treatment, radiation, surgery, nSES at diagnosis and current nSES, BMI, smoking, alcohol, diabetes, CVD risk, and age at first live birth; age at diagnosis as a stratum variable

c

LUR and kriging per 50 ppb NOX; 20 ppb Kriging and LUR NO2; Kriging per 10ug/m3 PM10 and PM2.5